LIBRARY 

UWVESilTY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
DAVIS 


flDemoirs  of  the  flBuseum  of  Comparative  Zoology? 

\  i    II  \  i;  V  \  i;  ii  COLLEG  K. 
VOL.  XL.      No.  i. 


SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 


INTRODUCTION  .  BY  SAMUEL  HENSHAW. 

PISCES  Bv  SAMUEL  GARM.AN. 

AMPHIBIA  AND  REPT1LIA  BY  THOMAS  HARBOUR. 

AM  .          .          .  BY  JOHN  E.  THAYER  AND  OUTRAM    BANGS. 

MAMMALIA  BY  GLOVER  M.  ALLEN. 


WITH  SIX  PLATi.s. 


CAMBRIDGE,  U.S.A.: 

priuteo  for  tbe  Aueeum. 

AUGUST,  1912. 


ADemolrs  of  tbe  flDuseum  of  Comparative  Zoology 

AT  HARVARD  COLLEGE. 
VOL.  XL.     No.  4. 


SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBEATES. 


INTRODUCTION          .          .  BY  SAMUEL  HENSHAW. 

PISCES       ....  BY  SAMUEL  GARMAN. 

AMPHIBIA  AND  REPTILIA  BY  THOMAS  BARBOUR. 

AVES  ....  BY  JOHN  E.  THAYER  AND  OUTRAM  BANGS. 

MAMMALIA  BY  GLOVER  M.  ALLEN. 


WITH  SIX  PLATES. 


CAMBRIDGE,  U.S.A.: 

prtnteo  for  tbe  flDuseum. 

AUGUST,  1912. 


SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 


CONTENTS. 

PAO« 

INTRODUCTION.— BY  SAMUEL  HENSHAW 107 

PISCES.— BY  SAMUEL  CARMAN .111 

AMPHIBIA  AND  REPTILIA.— BY  THOMAS  BARBOUK    ....  .125 

AVES. —  BY  JOHN  E.  THAYER  AND  OUTRAM  BANGS    ......  .      137 

MAMMALIA.—  BY  GLOVER  M.  ALLEN     .  201 


INTRODUCTION. 

BY  SAMUEL  HENSHAW. 

THE  collections  described  in  the  following  pages  were  made  in  the  Chinese 
provinces  of  Hupeh  and  Szechwan  during  the  years  1907  and  1908.  With  hardly 
an  exception  they  represent  the  work  of  Mr.  Walter  R.  Zappey  while  he  was 
attached  to  the  expedition  sent  out  by  the  Arnold  Arboretum,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Mr.  E.  H.  Wilson,  the  well-known  botanical  collector. 

Mr.  John  E.  Thayer,  recognizing  the  need  of  zoological  work  in  lower  China, 
secured  the  consent  of  Prof.  C.  S.  Sargent,  the  Director  of  the  Arnold  Arboretum, 
for  a  trained  collector  to  accompany  Mr.  Wilson,  and  most  generously  provided 
the  necessary  financial  support.  The  obligations  of  the  Museum  to  Mr.  Thayer, 
already  very  great,  were  much  increased  by  this  recent  act  of  liberality,  and  his 
selection  of  Mr.  Zappey  for  the  work  was  very  fortunate.  Mr.  Zappey's  zeal 
was  such  as  to  require  a  constant  word  of  caution  that  he  might  not  overtax 
his  strength,  while  the  size  and  condition  of  the  entire  series  of  specimens  afford 
evidence  alike  of  his  judgment,  his  energy,  his  skill  in  preparation,  and  his  care 
and  watchfulness  during  the  many  difficulties  in  transportation.  The  results  of 
Mr.  Thayer's  liberality  and  Mr.  Zappey's  zeal  would  have  been  very  much  less, 
however,  had  they  not  been  supplemented  by  the  tact  and  administrative  ability 
of  Mr.  Wilson.  Mr.  Wilson's  earlier  work  in  China  was  of  distinct  advantage 
for  the  success  of  the  Arboretum  Expedition.  It  had  shown  that  he  possessed 
the  trustworthiness  characteristic  of  his  race,  and  the  natural  and  ever  present 
suspiciousness  of  the  natives  towards  aliens  engaged  in  a  line  of  work  the  object 
of  which  is  not  wholly  clear,  was  happily  avoided,  from  the  beginning. 

It  should  also  be  recognized  that  all  of  Mr.  Wilson's  time  and  energy  were 
required  for  his  botanical  work  l  and  that  every  additional  task  he  assumed, 
even  though  willingly  and  successfully,  was  nevertheless  a  burden. 

The  transcription  of  Chinese  geographic  names  presents  difficulties  of  ortho- 
graphy, syllabication,  and  capitalization;  in  some  works  the  same  name  is  vari- 
ously given.  It  is  believed  that  throughout  the  following  pages  a  considerable 
degree  of  uniformity  has  been  achieved,  a  result  due  to  Mr.  E.  C.  Drew,  who  has 

'Some  of  the  results  of  Mr.  Wilson's  work  in  China  have  been  published  by  the  Arboretum:  — 
Plantae  Wilsonianae.  Part  I.  Cambridge  July  31,  1911,  144  pp.  Part  II.  Cambridge,  April  30, 
1912,  168  pp. 


108  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

most  kindly  revised  a  list  of  the  geographic  names  and  corrected  many  puzzling 
variations  due  largely  to  phonetic  spelling. 

The  larger  part  of  the  material  secured  consists  of  birds  and  mammals, 
though  other  interesting  vertebrates  were  collected  together  with  a  small  series 
of  invertebrates,  chiefly  insects. 

Messrs.  Wilson  and  Zappey  landed  at  Shanghai  the  4th  of  February,  1907; 
while  outfitting,  Mr.  Zappey  employed  his  time  in  collecting  in  the  immediate 
environs  of  Shanghai,  but  here,  as  in  the  vicinity  of  other  large  cities,  the  density 
of  the  population  precluded  effective  collecting.  Ichang,  Hupeh,  the  base  for 
much  of  the  work  of  the  Expedition  was  reached  on  the  26th  of  February,  and 
after  several  weeks  spent  in  its  vicinity  Mr.  Zappey  left  that  city  early  in  April 
and  collected  for  about  two  months  among  the  mountains  north  of  the  Yangtze. 
Here  at  varying  altitudes  of  from  2,400  to  9,500  feet  in  well  forested  country, 
pheasants  were  abundant  and  the  probable  occurrence  of  the  Takin,  (Budorcas), 
noted. 

With  the  exception  of  two  weeks  passed  unfortunately  in  the  hospital  at 
Hankow,  Mr.  Zappey  collected  during  June,  July,  and  August  in  the  Ichang 
region  or  between  Ichang  and  Shasi;  much  rain  fell  during  this  period  and  the 
weather  when  fair  was  very  hot.  September  and  October  also  proved  rainy  in 
and  about  Ichang. 

Between  the  5th  and  20th  of  November,  Mr.  Zappey  worked  at  higher 
altitudes  at  Shihtowya,  Kwangpow,  Putze,  and  neighboring  places,  good  weather 
prevailing,  but  cold  and  cloudy  days  were  experienced  again  at  Ichang  between 
the  21st  of  November  and  the  1st  of  December.  December  proved  fair,  with  the 
temperature  cool  or  cold,  and  a  considerable  series  of  birds  and  mammals  was 
secured.  The  search  for  Serow  among  the  mountains  was  unsuccessful,  though 
their  tracks  were  found  on  several  occasions  and  the  alarm  note  which  Mr. 
Zappey  describes  as  "a  series  of  snorting  squeals  sounding  like  *  *  *  tearing  a 
piece  of  starched  cloth  such  as  a  window  shade"  furnished  additional  evidence 
of  their  presence. 

In  1908,  January,  February,  and  early  March  were  spent  in  short  trips  down 
the  river;  on  the  15th  of  January  at  Ichanghsien  the  first  Goral,  Naemorhedus 
griseus,  was  collected;  others  of  both  sexes,  young  and  old,  were  taken  later. 
These  goat-like  antelopes  were  not  uncommon  on  the  precipitous  evergreen- 
clothed  cliffs;  they  were  seen,  however,  only  in  open  places  as  they  jumped  from 
ledge  to  ledge  and  their  capture  was  thus  to  a  certain  degree  a  matter  of  chance. 
Kwangtitze,  situated  about  fifteen  miles  below  Shasi,  with  an  abundance  of 


HENSHAW:  INTRODUCTION. 


109 


The  river-boat  was  left  at  this  point. 


grass  cover  and  numerous  reedy  pools,  proved  an  ideal  country  for  deer;  and 
here,  early  in  February,  water  deer,  Hydrelaphus  inermis,  were  plentiful  and  a 
fine  series  was  secured. 

Returning  to  Ichang  the  18th  of  February,  the  interval  until  the  13th  of 
March  was  occupied,  principally,  in  the  care  of  material  and  in  the  preparation 
for  a  long  river  trip  to  the  west. 

Leaving  Ichang  the  13th  of  March  the  following  list  of  localities  with  dates 
will  indicate  the  route  travelled:— 
1908:    March         16  —  Nantow. 

25  —  Patunghsien. 
April             1  —  Wanhsien. 

1908:   April  4 —  Changchowhsien. 

11  —  Chungking. 
21  —  Juchi. 

26  —  Nanchihsien. 

30  —  Suifu. 
May              6  —  Kiating. 

12  —  Lungchi. 
15  —  Washan. 

June  13  —  Kiating. 

21  —  Hungyahsien. 
29  —  Nitow. 

July  4  —  Tachienlu. 

14  —  Yachiakun. 
18  —  Lianghokow. 
24  —  Cheto. 

August          5  —  Tongolow. 
7  —  Nachuka. 

15  —  Ramala  Pass. 

16  —  Shuowlow.     Farthest  west. 
1908:  'August        26  — Nachuka. 

31  —  Tachienlu. 
September    6  —  Lianghokow. 

17  —  Tachiao. 
23  —  Tachienlu. 

October        9  —  Yachow. 

17  —  Omeihsien. 

22  —  Washan. 


110  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

November    9  —  Tsaikow. 
11  —  Omeihsien. 
15  —  Chinchiang. 
30  —  Chiachianghsien. 
December     3  —  Yachow. 

8  —  Kiating.     River-boat  trip  resumed. 
23  —  Suifu. 
29  —  Chungking. 
1909:   January       14  —  Ichang. 

22  —  Hochiaping. 
February      2  —  Changyanghsien. 

5  —  Ichang. 
March          7  —  Shasi. 

18  —  Nankin. 
26  —  Leave  Shanghai. 

As  shown  by  the  above  itinerary,  the  Expedition  was  planned  as  a  recon- 
naissance and  covered  too  much  ground  to  allow  successful  intensive  collecting. 
At  five  localities  only  were  fifty  or  more  species  obtained;  the  largest  number, 
194,  was  taken  at  Ichang,  and  91,  the  next  in  number,  at  Washan.  This  last 
locality  proved  of  great  scientific  interest  and  ten  of  the  thirty-six  new  forms 
discovered  were  found  there.  It  was  at  Washan  that  a  herd  of  Takins,  Budorcas 
tibetanus,  was  observed.  Two  individuals,  a  young  male  and  a  young  female, 
said  by  the  natives  to  be  about  a  month  old,  were  taken.  The  herd  was  feeding 
on  the  side  of  the  steep  mountain  at  an  elevation  of  about  10,000  feet  and 
was  well  concealed  in  the  dense  bamboo  thicket.  The  flesh  of  these  Takin 
proved  palatable  and  in  taste  resembled  mutton.  The  native  names  for  the 
Takin  are  Yare  niu  ngai  nu  and  Parn  nyang. 

Serow,  Capricornis  argyrochaetes,  were  also  found  at  Washan,  where  they 
frequented  the  recesses  of  the  most  precipitous  cliffs.  The  native  name  of  the 
Serow  is  Ngailu  (Cliff  donkey). 

Though  formerly  abundant  throughout  the  region  traversed  by  Mr.  Zappey, 
the  Musk  deer,  Moschus  sifanicus,  has  been  so  persistently  hunted  for  the  sake 
of  its  valuable  secretion  that  it  is  now  practically  exterminated.  One  specimen 
was  shot  at  Shuowlow  the  19th  of  August,  1908.  The  odor  from  the  scent-gland 
was  most  powerful  though  quite  different,  Mr.  Zappey  notes,  from  that  of  the 
refined  perfume.  The  habit  of  this  species  of  frequenting  the  trunks  of  fallen 
trees  is  well  known  to  the  Chinese. 


PISCES. 

BY  SAMUEL  GARMAN. 

The  fishes,  twenty-nine  species,  secured  by  this  Expedition  were  taken  at 
various  points  on  the  Yangtze  Kiang  and  its  affluent  the  Min,  between  Kiating 
and  Shasi  sixty  miles  or  more  below  Ichang,  Hupeh.  Three  of  the  species  are 
Chinese  perches,  Siniperca,  also  said  to  be  found  in  Japan ;  one  is  a  clupeoid, 
Coilia,  heretofore  known  as  marine,. the  presence  of  which  so  far  from  the  mouth 
of  the  river  is  probably  due  to  a  habit  of  spawning  in  fresh  water;  another  is 
an  Ophicephalus  of  wide  range  in  eastern  Asia;  three  others  are  siluroids, 
one  of  them  very  widely  distributed,  another  peculiar  to  the  locality,  and  a 
third  apparently  undescribed;  twenty  are  cyprinoids  which  taken  together 
might  indicate  rather  less  dependence  on  barbels  in  their  region  than  farther 
to  the  south  or  to  the  west;  three  of  these  species  appear  to  be  undescribed; 
and  finally  one  of  the  species  is  an  eel,  Monopterus,  which  has  been  taken  in 
numerous  localities  of  China,  India,  the  East  Indian  Archipelago,  and  Japan. 
In  early  days  the  fishes  of  the  valley  of  the  Yangtze  were  more  distinct,  because 
more  isolated,  than  at  present.  By  means  of  the  Grand  Canal  all  streams  of 
moderate  length  between  Hangchow  on  the  south  and  Pekin  on  the  north  were 
linked  together  so  that  the  basin  of  the  Hwang  Ho,  draining  into  the  Gulf  of 
Chihli,  and  that  of  the  Yangtze  Kiang  drained  into  the  Yellow  Sea  are  no  longer 
so  far  as  concerns  their  fishes  to  be  treated  as  distinct  faunal  regions.  This 
connection  by  the  Canal  accounts  for  the  fact  that  Basilewsky,  1855,  has  de- 
scribed so  many  of  the  species  contained  in  the  present  series,  from  collections 
in  great  part  made  in  streams  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Chihli,  and  also  for  the 
fact  that  his  types  and  specimens  from  the  Yangtze  differ  so  little.  The  Chinese 
types  described  by  Bleeker  were  mainly  taken  near  the  mouth  of  the  Yangtze, 
as  were  those  described  by  Steindachner  and  the  earlier  of  those  of  Giinther. 
By  later  contributions  Sauvage,  Giinther,  and  Regan  have  added  to  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  species  much  nearer  the  sources  of  the  river.  The  localities  tra- 
versed by  Mr.  Zappey  were  thus  pretty  well  surrounded  by  the  localities  of 
earlier  workers.  In  the  following  list  additions  to  original  descriptions  and 
variations  of  individual  specimens  are  recorded  by  the  partial  diagnoses 
appended. 


112  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

SERRANIDAE. 

SINIPERCA  CHUA-TSI  (Basilewsky)  Gill. 

A  number  of  specimens  of  the  Chinese  perch  that  would  usually  be  placed 
under  S.  chua-tsi  separate  readily  into  two  groups : —  one,  the  species  proper,  char- 
acterized by  an  eye  about  one  sixth  of  the  length  of  the  head,  or  one  and  one 
half  times  the  interorbital  width,  and  on  which  the  maxillary  reaches  beyond 
a  vertical  from  the  hind  edge  of  the  eye,  and  another  in  which  the  eye  is  nearly 
one  fourth  of  the  length  of  the  head,  or  about  twice  the  interorbital  width  and 
in  which  there  is  a  considerable  distance  behind  the  end  of  the  maxillary  in 

-y 

front  of  a  vertical  at  the  hind  border  of  the  orbit.  In  the  numbers  of  fin-rays 
or  in  markings  the  two  groups  show  little  difference,  but  the  scales  on  the  speci- 
mens with  the  small  eyes  appear  to  be  smaller.  The  presence  of  the  two  forms 
in  the  same  locality  may  be  ascribed  to  individual  variation  in  a  single 
species,  or  may  be  credited  to  an  intermixture  of  two  quite  distinct  species  at 
some  time  or  in  some  parts  of  their  respective  ranges.  The  two  figures  pub- 
lished by  Basilewsky,  1855,  represent  the  small-eyed  form.  Kner,  1867,  under 
the  same  name,  figured  a  specimen,  in  which  the  eye  is  much  larger  and  the 
maxillary  approaches  a  vertical  from  the  hind  edge  of  the  orbit,  which  might 
better  be  placed  in  the  group  with  large  eyes,  though  the  type  of  the  latter 
described  below  has  a  still  larger  eye  and  an  orbit  extending  farther  backward 
than  the  end  of  the  maxillary.  As  the  theory  of  a  mixing  of  two  forms  originally 
distinct  is  favored  here,  the  large-eyed  one  is  described  as  Siniperca  knerii 
and  certain  characters  of  the  specimen  chosen  for  a  type  are  noted. 
Ichang. 

SINIPERCA  KNERII,  sp.  nov. 

D.  12  +  14,  A.  3  +  9,  V.  6,  P.  2  +  14;   LI.  125$  ca. 

Similar  to  S.  chua-tsi,  but  differing  in  a  much  larger  eye.  Diameter  of 
orbit  five  sixths  of  its  distance  from  the  extreme  end  of  the  snout,  nearly  twice 
the  width  of  the  interorbital  space,  or  twice  the  greatest  width  of  the  maxillary, 
or  equal  to  the  distance  from  the  orbit  to  the  front  of  the  intermaxillary.  Maxil- 
lary subtending  the  anterior  three  fourths  of  the  eye.  Dorsal  origin  above 
that  of  the  pectoral;  spinous  portion  twice  as  long  as  the  soft;  spines  increasing 
in  length  to  the  fifth,  which  is  about  one  third  of  the  length  of  the  head,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  soft  rays,  or  than  the  second  anal  spine  which  last  is  the 
longest  and  most  robust  on  the  body.  First  and  third  anal  spines  shorter  and 


CARMAN:  PISCES.  113 

more  slender  than  the  second.     Markings  differing  little  from  those  of  the  small- 
eyed  form. 

Type:  — No.  29844  M.  C.  Z.     Hupeh:  Ichang. 

SINIPERCA  SCHERZERI  Steindachner. 

Agrees  closely  with  the  figure  by  Steindachner,  the  most  noticeable  differ- 
ence being  in  the  larger  size  and  greater  number  of  the  teeth  on  the  posterior 
edge  of  the  operculum. 

Ichang. 

OPHICEPHALIDAE. 

OPHICEPHALUS  ARGUS  Cantor. 

D.   48,  A.  32;    LI.  63&. 
Kiating. 

CLUPEIDAE. 

• 

COILIA  NASUS  Schlegel. 

D.  13,  A.  98,  P.  6  +  11;  LI.  76. 

Ventral  serration  with  twenty-two  teeth  in  front  of  the  ventral  fins  and 
thirty-six  behind  their  origins.  Intermediate  between  C.  nasus  and  C.  ectenes 
Jordan  and  Starks  but  not  to  be  separated  from  the  former. 

Kiating. 

CYPRINIDAE. 

CYPRINUS  CARPIO  Linns'. 

D.  22,  A.  8,  V.  9,  p.  17;  LI.  35i;  Phar.  teeth  3.1.2  |  2.1.3;  4  barbels. 
Shasi. 

CARASSIUS  CARASSIUS  (LinneO  Nilsson. 

D.  20,  A.  8,  V.  9,  P.  16;    LI.  29?;   Phar.  teeth  3  |  3;  no  barbels. 
Ichang. 

PARABRAMIS  PEKINENSIS  (Basilewsky)  Bleeker. 

Abramis  pekinensis  BASIL.,  1855,  Nouv.  mem.  Soc.  nat.  Mosc.,  10,  p.  237,  pi.  6,  f.  2. 
Acanthobrama  pekinensis  BLEEKER,  1860,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.,  2,  Cypr.,  p.  282. 
Culler  pekinensis  KNER,  1867,  Novara  fisehe,  p.  360,  pi.  14,  f.  4. 
Chanodichthys  pekinensis  GUNTHER,  1868,  Cat.,  7,  p.  327. 
Parabramis  pekinensis  BLEEKER,  1871,  Nat.  verb.  k.  akad.,  12,  p.  80. 


114  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

D.  3  +  7,  A.  3  +  32,  V.  9,  P.  17;  LI.  53^;  Phar.  teeth  5.4.2    2.4.4. 

These  specimens  are  not  as  dark  on  the  body  or  fins  as  that  figured  by 
Basilewsky,  but  the  scales  have  the  light  centres  surrounded  by  puncticulations 
of  brown.  Distally  each  of  the  fins  is  darker.  The  general  effect  of  the  color 
is  silver  rather  than  brown.  Body  keeled  from  the  pectorals  backward  to  the 
end  of  the  anal  base.  Dorsal  origin  midway  from  end  of  snout  to  base  of  caudal. 
Kner's  figure  does  not  represent  the  species  very  well,  as  it  is  too  slender;  the 
description  is  good.  Basilewsky  described  the  species  from  affluents  of  Chihli; 
Mr.  Zappey  secured  it  at  Ichang. 

OPSARIICHTHYS  ACUTIPINNIS  (Bleeker)  Giinther. 

Barilius  (Barilius)  acutipinnis  BLEEKER,  1871,  Nat.  verb.  k.  akad.,  12,  p.  81,  pi.  13,  f.  1. 
Opsariichthys  aculipinnis  and  0.  bidens  GiiNT.,  1873,  Ann.  mag.  nat.  hist.,  ser.  4,  12,  p.   249. 

The  figure  of  0.  acutipinnis  was  made  from  a  half  grown  specimen.  The 
description  of  0.  bidens  also  was  drawn  from  a  specimen  not  fully  developed. 
The  specimens  at  hand  make  it  evident  that  0.  bidens  is  a  synonym.  The 
notches  of  the  jaws  are  very  evident  on  some  and  hardly  noticeable  on  others. 
There  is  much  variation  in  individuals  aside  from  the  peculiar  sexual  changes 
in  the  fins  and  the  tubercles  of  the  cheeks.  The  pharyngeal  teeth  vary  from 
4.2  to  4.3  and  to  4.3.1.  The  difference  in  numbers  of  rays  or  of  scales  is  not 
great.  In  the  adult  the  markings  on  the  fins  and  flanks  are  like  those  of  0. 
platypus,  but  the  interradial  spots  are  more  distinct,  and  on  some  the  lower  half 
of  the  face  is  blackish. 

Kiating,  Min  River. 

GARRA  (AGENEIOGARRA)  IMBERBA,  subgen.  nov.  sp.  nov. 

D.  13  (4  +  9),  A.  8,  V.  10,  p.  17;  LI.  50|,  head  to  D.  17;  Phar.  teeth  5.4.2  | 
2.4.5,  slender,  pointed. 

Body  elongate,  greatest  depth  about  equal  to  length  of  head  or  one  seventh 
of  the  total  length,  compressed  posteriorly,  depressed  and  broadened  in  front. 
Head  wider  than  deep,  flattened  below,  slightly  convex,  both  longitudinally 
and  transversely,  on  the  top.  Snout  very  wide,  short,  broadly  rounded  across 
the  end.  Eye  moderate,  less  than  one  fourth  as  long  as  the  head  and  behind 
its  mid  length,  in  width  of  orbit  less  than  half  the  interocular  space.  Nostrils 
close  together,  nearer  to  the  eye  than  to  the  end  of  the  snout.  Snout  without 
a  lobe  above,  as  in  G.  lamta,  but  with  a  group  of  pits  at  each  side  of  the  middle 


CARMAN:  PISCES.  115 

of  the  upper  surface.  Mouth  large,  inferior,  outline  somewhat  arched  trans- 
versely; upper  lip  fringed,  connected  at  the  angles  with  a  fold  passing  a  short 
distance  behind  that  at  the  hind  edge  of  the  disk;  jaws  sharp-edged.  The 
deep  transverse  groove  in  front  of  the  disk,  behind  the  lower  jaws,  is  not  con- 
tinued at  its  sides.  No  barbels.  Pectorals  short,  reaching  more  than  half 
way  to  the  ventrals.  Middle  of  dorsal  base  half  way  from  snout  to  base  of 
caudal;  fin  as  high  as  long,  hind  margin  deeply  indented.  Ventrals  shorter 
than  the  dorsal,  but  extending  a  little  farther  backward,  origins  below  the 
eighth  ray  of  the  dorsal.  Anal  smaller  than  the  ventrals,  origin  midway  be- 
tween the  bases  of  the  ventrals  and  the  base  of  the  caudal.  Caudal  deeply 
notched.  Total  length  10.5  inches. 

Lower  surfaces  uniform  yellowish;  back  darker  yellow  to  brownish,  each 
scale  with  a  transverse  darker  streak  on  its  forward  portion,  those  on  the 
lateral  line  a  little  more  distinct. 

The  generic  diagnosis  of  Garra  being  modified  so  as  to  include  G.  imberba, 
with  Bleeker's  subdivisions,  based  on  the  number  of  barbels,  the  subgenera 
Garra,  with  four  barbels,  Discognathus  with  two,  and  Ageneiogarra  with  no 
barbels,  are  readily  distinguished. 

Type:—  No.  29835  M.  C.  Z.  Western  Szechuan:  Kiating,  Min  River.  W. 
R.  Zappey. 

ONYCHOSTOMA  LATICEPS  Giinther. 

D.  4  +  8,  A.  3  +  5,  V.  9,  P.  16;  LI.  49f;  Phar.  teeth  5.3.2  2.3.5,  slender, 
pointed. 

Slight  differences  from  the  type  are  to  be  seen  among  these  specimens. 
Head  short,  about  one  fifth  of  the  length  to  the  base  of  the  caudal,  moderately 
broad,  blunt,  arched  from  the  snout  to  the  eyes  and  across  the  interorbital 
region.  Eye  one  fourth  of  the  length  of  the  head,  in  front  of  its  mid  length. 
No  barbels.  Mouth  large,  arched,  reaching  the  sides  of  the  head  below 
the  eyes;  lower  jaws  very  strong,  with  a  slight  knob  below  the  symphysis; 
upper  jaws  thin  and  protrusive  (downward);  upper  lip  thin,  distinct.  Pectorals 
small,  pointed,  reaching  a  vertical  from  the  origin  of  the  dorsal.  Dorsal  with 
a  strong  serrated  spine,  the  fourth  ray  longer  than  the  head,  hind  margin  of 
fin  concave,  angles  acute,  middle  of  base  in  the  middle  of  the  total  length  with- 
out the  caudal.  Ventral  origin  below  the  sixth  dorsal  ray,  outer  angle  acute. 
Anal  short,  pointed,  origin  midway  from  the  origins  of  the  ventrals  to  the  base 
of  the  caudal,  third  ray  as  long  as  the  head.  Caudal  deeply  notched,  lobes 


116  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

acute.     Scales  moderate,  longitudinally  with  fine  striations.     Lateral  line  in 
the  middle  of  the  side  of  the  tail.     Largest  specimen  eleven  inches. 

Lustrous  golden,  darker  on  upper  half  of  body  and  head;   fins  darker. 

Originally  described  from  Huisien. 

Ichang. 

CTENOPHARYGODON  IDELLUS  (Valenciennes)  Giinther. 

D.  10,  A.  11,  V.  9,  P.  20;  LI.  43?,  18  scales  from  head  to  dorsal;  Phar. 
teeth  4.2  |  2.5. 

Top  and  sides  of  head  darkened  by  dots  of  black  pigment;  scales  of  back 
and  flanks  similarly  darkened  near  the  edges;  fins  dark  on  their  edges,  distally 
thickly  dotted  with  black;  lower  surfaces  uniform  light. 

Shasi. 

MYLOLEUCISCUS  ATRIPINNIS,  gen.  nov.  sp.  nov. 

D.  10,  A.  11,  V.  9,  P.  21;  LI.  42?;  16  scales  in  front  of  the  dorsal;  Phar. 
teeth  5  |  5,  in  a  single  series. 

Form  resembling  that  of  Ctenopharygodon  idellus,  elongate,  compressed 
and  rather  deep  in  the  caudal  region.  Head  about  one  fourth  and  depth  two 
ninths  of  the  length  from  end  of  snout  to  base  of  caudal,  a  little  deeper  than 
broad  posteriorly,  pointed  in  front,  subquadrangular  in  cross  section;  crown 
broad  posteriorly,  convex  transversely.  Eye  large,  length  two  ninths  of  that 
of  the  head;  bones  of  the  orbital  series  narrow,  preorbital  bone  little  longer 
than  deep.  Mouth  moderate,  somewhat  oblique,  width  and  length  about 
equal;  maxillary  hardly  reaching  a  vertical  from  the  orbit;  intermaxillary 
protractile.  No  barbels.  Pharyngeal  teeth  in  a  single  series  of  five,  two  of 
which  are  very  broad,  stout,  rounded  molars,  the  remaining  three  being  longer, 
more  slender,  and  compressed  with  crowns  of  a  different  shape  and  concave. 
Fins  rather  small.  Pectorals  reaching  two  thirds  of  the  distance  to  the  ventrals. 
Dorsal  origin  midway  from  end  of  snout  to  base  of  caudal.  Ventral  origin 
below  the  third  ray  of  the  dorsal,  fin  not  reaching  as  far  back  as  the  dorsal. 
Anal  origin  midway  from  origins  of  ventrals  to  base  of  caudal.  Caudal  notch 
not  half  the  length  of  the  fin. 

Body  dark  with  puncticulations  of  black;   fins  blackish. 

Type:— No.  29817  M.  C.  Z.     Hupeh:  Shasi.     W.  R.  Zappey. 

The  genus  Myloleuciscus  may  be  characterized  by  a  single  series  of  pharyn- 
geal  teeth,  some  of  which  are  extremely  broad,  short,  rounded  molars  and 


CARMAN:  PISCES.  117 

others  are  longer,  more  slender  and  compressed,  and  have  oblique,  concave, 
pointed  crowns.  It  is  probable  that  Leuciscus  aelhiops  Basilewsky,  1855, 
belongs  to  this  genus.  Giinther's  use  of  that  species  as  the  type  of  his  genus 
Myloleucus,  1873,  will  not  interfere,  since  the  name  Myloleucus  had  been  applied 
by  Cope,  1871,  to  other  species  not  congeneric.  Myloleucus  of  Giinther,  1873, 
was  "characterized  by  extremely  broad,  molar-like  pharyngeal  teeth,  in  a 
single  series." 

SQUALIOBARBUS  CURRICULUS  (Richardson)  Giinther. 

D.  10,  A.  11,  V.  9,  P.  17;   LI.  45f;   Phar.  teeth  5.3.2  |  2.3.4,  compressed, 

pointed. 

Dorsal  origin  midway  from  snout  to  base  of  caudal.  Origins  of  the  ventrals 
below  the  third  ray  of  the  dorsal.  Anal  origin  midway  from  the  axils  of  the 
ventrals  to  the  base  of  the  caudal.  A  minute  barbel  at  the  angle  of  the  mouth. 

Silvery;  blackish  on  the  bases  of  the  scales  of  the  flanks  and  the  back, 
forming  longitudinal  vittae;  silver-white  under  the  edge  of  the  opercle  to  the 
shoulders;  fins  dusky. 

Ichang. 

SQUALIOBARBUS  ELONGATUS  Kner. 

D.  12,  A.  12,  V.  10,  P.  19;  LI.  68-70^,  30  scales  from  head  to  dorsal. 

Mouth  reaching  to  a  vertical  from  the  nostril,  not  to  the  anterior  border 
of  the  eye.  No  barbels.  Preorbital  bone  very  large,  close  to  the  eye  the 
nostrils  and  the  mouth  cleft;  suborbitals  narrow,  elongate.  Pharyngeal  teeth 
5.4.2  |  2.4.4,  compressed  and  hooked.  Peritoneum  blackish,  silvered.  Origin 
of  the  dorsal  halfway  from  the  end  of  the  snout  to  the  base  of  the  caudal,  very 
little  farther  back  than  the  origins  of  the  ventrals.  Scales  lustrous  silver; 
back  darker,  olivaceous.  A  close  ally  of  Squaliobarbus  dahuricus  Basilewsky 
from  Mongolia  and  Mantchuria  but  distinguished  by  fewer  scales  in  the  lateral 
line  and  by  the  position  of  the  dorsal,  nearer  the  head. 

Ichang. 

XENOCYPRIS  NITIDUS,  sp.  nov. 

D.  3  +  7,  A.  3  +  9,  V.  9,  P.  18;  LI.  GO^9. 

Body  much  compressed,  not  keeled  below,  depth,  or  length  of  head,  about 
two  ninths  of  the  length,  without  the  caudal.  Eye  large,  two  sevenths  of  the 
head,  equal  its  distance  from  the  end  of  the  snout.  Suborbital  bones  narrow, 


118  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

elongate.  Snout  produced.  Mouth  inferior,  transverse,  bent  backward  at 
the  preorbital  bone.  Pharyngeal  teeth  6.4.2  2.4.6,  larger  compressed  pointed 
and  rigid,  smaller  slender  and  movable  in  the  inner  rows.  Pectorals  small, 
not  reaching  the  ventrals.  Ventral  origins  below  the  middle  of  the  dorsal  base. 
Third  ray  of  the  dorsal  strong,  as  long  as  the  head.  Anal  small,  base  twice 
as  far  from  the  bases  of  the  ventrals  as  from  the  base  of  caudal.  Dorsal  origin 
a  little  forward  of  midway  from  end  of  snout  to  base  of  caudal,  fourth  ray  in 
the  mid  length,  spine  as  long  as  the  head.  Caudal  deeply  notched.  Scales 
moderate. 

Cheeks  and  scales  silvery;   upper  half  of  body,  and  top  of  head  brownish. 

Intermediate  between  X.  tapeinosoma  Bleeker  and  X .  argentea  Giinther. 
Xenocypris  nitidus  is  more  elongate  and  less  oval  than  X.  lampertii  Popta; 
the  eye  is  larger  and  about  half  its  length  is  in  the  hinder  half  of  the  head,  it 
is  also  about  twice  as  far  from  the  upper  outline  of  the  head  as  from  the  lower; 
there  is  no  keel  in  front  of  the  vent;  there  are  more  scales  in  the  lateral  line 
and  fewer  in  the  transverse;  and  the  origin  of  the  dorsal  is  farther  forward. 

Types:— No.  29822,  29823  M.  C.  Z.     Hupeh:  Shasi.     W.  R.  Zappey. 

HEMICTJLTER  LEUCISCULTJS  (Basilewsky)   Bleeker. 

D.  9,  A.  16,  V.  6,  P.  15;  LI.  45f,  head  to  dorsal  19  scales. 

Dorsal  origin  in  the  middle  of  the  length  from  the  end  of  the  snout  to  the 
base  of  the  caudal,  at  a  vertical  from  the  hind  ends  of  the  bases  of  the  ventrals. 
Pectorals  acuminate,  ending  in  front  of  the  origins  of  the  ventrals  at  a  distance 
greater  than  the  length  of  the  orbit. 

The  type  of  this  species  was  taken  in  streams  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of 
Chihli.  The'  specimens  in  this  collection  were  taken  at  Shasi  on  the  Yangtze 
Kiang. 

Among  individual  variations  it  is  to  be  noticed  that  on  some  specimens  the 
lateral  line  rises  abruptly  above  the  base  of  the  anal,  on  four  scales,  then  con- 
tinues for  eight  scales  in  the  middle  of  the  caudal  pedicel  in  a  direct  line;  on 
others  the  rise  is  as  gradual  as  that  figured  by  Bleeker. 

CULTER  DABRYI  Bleeker. 

D.  3  +  7,  A.  3  +  26,  V.  9,  P.  15;   LI.  64^2. 

Depth  equal  four  seventeenths  of  the  length  to  the  base  of  the  caudal; 
head  equal  two  ninths  of  the  same  length.  Nape  slightly  convex.  Abdominal 


G  ARM  AN:  PISCES.  119 

edge  trenchant  from  the  pectorals  to  the  anal.  Eye  large,  diameter  nearly 
one  sixth  of  the  head ;  longer  than  the  distance  from  the  end  of  the  snout.  Mouth 
nearly  vertical,  maxillary  reaching  below  the  hinder  nostril.  Preorbital  bone 
deeper  than  long;  suborbitals  narrow.  Pharyngeal  teeth  5.4.2  |  2.4.5,  com- 
pressed, pointed,  hooked  at  the  apex.  Dorsal  origin  half  the  length  of  the 
orbit  behind  the  middle  of  the  length  from  snout  to  base  of  caudal;  third  spine 
strong,  as  long  as  the  head.  Caudal  pedicel  longer  than  deep  in  the  free  portion. 
Lateral  line  curving  downward  on  the  flank  and  again  up  to  the  middle  of  the 
pedicel.  Total  length,  six  inches. 

Silvery;  back  brownish  or  olive  tinted. 

Shasi. 

LUCIOBRAMA  TYPUS  Bleeker. 

D.  10,  A.  13,  V.  10,  P.  15;  LI.  150?§  ca. 

Head  long,  pointed,  scaleless,  one  fourth  of  the  total  length.  Eye  in  the 
foremost  third  of  the  head.  Mouth  little  longer  than  the  eye;  maxillary 
reaching  nearly  to  the  orbit.  Dorsal  origin  in  the  middle  of  the  length  from  the 
eye  to  the  end  of  the  caudal,  about  one  length  of  the  dorsal  base  farther  back 
than  the  origin  of  the  anal.  Pectorals  small.  Pharyngeal  teeth  5.1  |  1.5  nearly 
straight,  slender,  tapering  to  a  point.  Bleeker  says  of  these  teeth,  "valde 
gracilibus  insertis  uniseriatis  acicularibus  vix  curvatis  4  |  4,"  which  indicates 
a  considerable  variation,  with  need  of  some  change  in  the  generic  diagnosis. 
Caudal  notch  deep,  lobes  subequal.  Bright  silvery,  somewhat  darkened  on 
the  back. 

Ichang. 

HEMIBARBUS  MACULATUS  Bleeker. 

D.  3  +  7,  A.  3  +  6,  V.  9,  P.  20;  LI.  49?. 

Maxillary  barbels  half  as  long  as  the  orbit.  Orbit  half  as  long  as  the  snout, 
or  two  ninths  of  the  length  of  the  head.  Pharyngeal  teeth  5.4.2  |  2.4.5,  pointed. 
Dorsal  origin  halfway  from  end  of  snout  to  base  of  caudal.  Ventral  origins 
below  the  fifth  ray  of  the  dorsal.  Anal  origin  equidistant  from  ventral  origins 
and  base  of  caudal.  About  eight  darker  blotches  on  the  second  row  above 
the  lateral  line,  apparently  under  the  scales;  below  these  the  scales  are  silvery, 
above  they  are  darker  and  with  dorsal  and  caudal  fins  somewhat  maculate  with 
dark. 

Ichang. 


120  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

SATJROGOBIO  DUMERILII  Bleeker. 

D.  9,  A.  9,  V.  8,  P.  16;  LI.  59|. 

A  prominence  below  the  symphysis  of  the  lower  jaws.  Barbel  reaching 
below  the  middle  of  the  eye.  Pharyngeal  teeth  5  5;  two  of  these  teeth,  in 
each  series,  are  molar-like,  resembling  those  of  Myloleuciscus  atripinnis  but 
not  so  much  differentiated.  Dorsal  origin  at  one  third  of  the  distance  from  the 
end  of  the  snout  to  the  base  of  the  caudal,  and  anal  origin  in  the  hindmost  fourth 
of  this  length.  End  of  dorsal  and  ends  of  ventrals  opposed.  Pectorals  reaching 
a  vertical  from  the  origin  of  the  dorsal.  Scales  of  the  lateral  line  and  below 
plain  golden;  three  of  the  vertebral  rows  with  brown  hind  margins,  three  other 
rows  at  each  side  of  the  dorsal  three  with  a  brown  spot  on  the  middle  of  the 
hinder  edge  of  each  scale,  forming  longitudinal  vittae.  Bases  of  fins  yellow, 
distal  portions  darker.  Total  length  10?  inches. 

Ichang,   Shasi. 

CORIPAREIUS,  gen.  nov. 

Body  compressed,  deep  in  the  caudal  pedicel,  dorsal  and  ventrals  in  the 
forward  half;  head  tapering,  entirely  covered  by  thick  skin;  snout  produced, 
blunt.  Mouth  narrow,  inferior,  lips  thick.  Maxillary  barbels  present.  Phar- 
yngeal teeth  5  |  5  or  4,  compressed  with  large  crown.  Scales  moderate,  lateral 
line  straight,  in  the  middle  of  the  tail.  Dorsal  small,  without  osseous  ray,  above 
the  ventrals.  Anal  short. 

Type.     C.  cetopsis  (Kner). 

CORIPAREIUS  CETOPSIS  Kner. 

fGobio  heterodon  BLEEKER,  1864,  Ned.  tijd.,  2,  p.  26. 

Labeo  cetopsis  KNER,  1867,  Novara  fische,  p.  351,  pi.  15,  f .  2. 

Barbus  cetopsis  GtiNTHER,  1868,  Cat.,  7,  p.  135. 

Saurogobio  cetopsis  BLEEKER,  1871,  Nat.  verb.  k.  akad.,  12,  p.  8. 

D.  9,  A.  9,  V.  8,  P.  19;  LI.  54?. 

The  body  is  rather  narrow,  depth,  or  length  of  head,  about  one  fifth  of  the 
total.  Head  posteriorly  as  wide  as  deep,  tapering  forward,  prominent  and 
bluntly  rounded  at  the  end  of  the  narrow  snout.  Nostrils  large,  close  together, 
near  the  eye.  Eye  small,  one  eighth  or  less  of  the  head,  with  a  comparatively 
wide  adipose  ring.  Mouth  as  wide  as  long,  cleft  broadly  rounded  in  front  or 
subtruncate.  Lips  thick.  Barbels  two,  reaching  the  hind  edge  of  the  pre- 
opercle.  Entire  head,  including  the  opercles  covered  with  loose  thick  skin. 


CARMAN:  PISCES.  121 

Pharyngeal  teeth  5  |  5  or  4,  compressed  with  expanded  crown.  All  fins  acumi- 
nate. Pectorals  reaching  the  origins  of  the  ventrals,  or  a  vertical  from  the  fifth 
ray  of  the  dorsal.  Dorsal  short,  without  an  osseous  ray,  entirely  in  the  anterior 
half  of  the  total  length,  hardly  reaching  the  mid  length  when  depressed;  height 
equal  length  of  head.  Ventrals  short ;  origins  below  the  third  dorsal  ray.  Anal 
small;  origin  equidistant  from  that  of  caudal  and  origins  of  ventrals.  Caudal 
deeply  notched,  lobes  pointed,  upper  longer.  Lateral  line  on  middle  of  flank 
and  tail,  straight.  Scales  moderate. 

Lustrous  golden,  more  olive  on  back  and  head;  each  fin  with  a  blackish 
area  in  the  distal  half,  tipped  with  white  behind  the  black. 

Luchow,  Ichang,  Shanghai. 

RHINOGOBIO  TYPUS  Bleeker. 

D.  10,  A.  9,  V.  8,  P.  16;  LI.  47f. 

Maxillary  barbel  reaching  behind  the  middle  of  the  eye.  Length  of  orbit 
half  of  its  distance  from  the  end  of  the  snout.  Pharyngeal  teeth  in  two  series 
5.  2  |  2.5,  crowns  hooked  at  the  apex.  Origins  of  pectorals  below  the  fourth 
ray  of  the  dorsal,  fins  extending  to  the  origins  of  the  ventrals.  Ninth  ray  of 
the  dorsal  in  the  middle  of  the  length  from  the  snout  to  the  base  of  the  caudal ; 
third  ray  shorter  than  the  head.  Anal  origin  about  midway  from  ventral 
origins  to  base  of  caudal.  Caudal  deeply  notched,  lobes  sharp;  caudal  pedicel 
elongate,  not  deep. 

Ichang. 

PSEUDOGOBIO   FILIFER,    Sp.    nOV. 

D.  10,  A.  9,  V.  8,  P.  13-14;  LI.  42-44§. 

Body  elongate,  slender,  depth  about  one  seventh  and  head  one  fifth  of  the 
total  length.  Eye  moderate,  one  fifth  of  the  head,  nearly  two  thirds  as  long  as 
the  snout.  Snout  one  third  of  the  head  length.  Mouth  not  reaching  a  vertical 
from  the  eye;  upper  jaws  the  longer.  Maxillary  barbels  extending  farther 
back  than  the  eye.  Dorsal  origin  above  the  origins  of  the  ventrals.  Outer 
angles  of  pectorals  and  ventrals  thread-like,  second  ray  longest.  Pectorals 
reaching  behind  the  bases  of  the  ventrals.  Ventrals  reaching  nearly  as  far 
back  as  the  end  of  the  dorsal.  Anal  origin  about  midway  from  origins  of  ventrals 
to  base  of  caudal.  Caudal  deeply  notched,  lobes  acuminate.  Middle  of  dorsal 
base  equidistant  from  end  of  snout  and  base  of  caudal.  Scales  large;  lateral 


122  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

line  descending  little  on  the  flank,  ending  on  the  middle  of  the  tail.  Form 
more  slender  than  that  of  P.  rivularis,  as  figured  by  Steindachner;  back  less 
high,  dorsal  lower;  pectorals  and  ventrals  much  more  produced;  colors  some- 
what similar,  but  having  a  lateral  band  of  silver  with  faint  darker  cloudings. 

Lustrous  silvery  below  the  lateral  lines;  above  the  lines  darker,  blotched, 
and  clouded  faintly  with  brown.  Fins,  dorsal  and  caudal,  with  several  oblique 
rows  of  small  spots  of  darker  brown  parallel  with  the  hind  borders  of  the  fins 
and  not  as  in  P.  sinensis  Kner. 

Types:— No.  29833,  29834  M.  C.  Z.  Hupeh:  Changyanghsien,  Yangtze 
Kiang  River.  W.  R.  Zappey. 

BOTIA  VARIEGATA  Gunther. 

D.  12,  A.  8,  V.  10,  P.  15;  LI.  21518;  total  length  15  inches. 

Body  compressed,  depth  nearly  one  seventh  of  the  total  length.  Head 
compressed,  little  less  than  one  fourth  of  the  total,  greatest  width  about  two 
fifths  of  the  length.  Snout  narrower  than  deep,  high  and  broadly  rounded  at 
the  end.  Eye  small,  hardly  one  twelfth  of  the  length  of  the  head.  Suborbital 
spine  strong,  rather  slender  pointed,  not  bifid.  Barbels  six;  the  maxillary 
applied  to  the  side  of  the  head  reach  the  end  of  the  snout.  Mouth  moderate, 
as  wide  as  long;  cleft  sub  truncate  in  front;  upper  jaws  with  a  prominence  on 
the  symphysis.  Cheek  with  small  scales  in  front  of  the  operculum  backward 
from  the  mouth.  Pectorals  and  ventrals  with  a  membranous  fold  in  the  axils. 
Dorsal  origin  equidistant  from  eye  and  base  of  caudal.  Ventral  origins  below 
the  third  ray  of  the  dorsal.  Anal  origin  halfway  from  the  origins  of  the  ventrals 
to  the  base  of  the  caudal.  Dorsal,  pectorals,  and  anal  slightly  concave  on  the 
hind  margin;  ventrals  little  convex.  Caudal  deeply  notched.  Outer  angles 
of  all  fins  acute.  Depth  of  caudal  pedicel  two  fifths  of  its  length. 

Brownish;  head  with  narrow  vermiculations  and  spots  of  bluish;  each 
fin  with  about  four  oblique  irregular  and  broken  bands  of  brown;  body  with 
about  six  broad  transverse  bands  of  dark  brown;  the  first  and  narrowest  behind 
the  gill  opening,  the  second  between  pectorals  and  dorsal,  the  third  on  the 
origins  of  the  ventrals,  the  fourth  at  the  end  of  the  dorsal  base,  the  fifth  above 
the  anal,  and  the  sixth,  as  long  as  deep,  on  the  base  of  the  caudal. 

The  specimen  described  shows  some  variations  from  the  type,  though 
both  were  from  the  same  locality. 

Ichang. 


CARMAN:  PISCES.  123 

SILURIDAE. 

SILURUS  ASOTUS  Linn6. 
Ichang. 

PSEUDOBAGRUS  VACHELLii  Richardson. 

Luchow,  Ichang. 

LIOCASSIS  NASO,  sp.  nov. 

D.  2  +  7,  A.  16,  V.  6,  P.  1  +  11. 

Depth  of  body  one  sixth,  and  length  of  head  one  fifth  of  the  total  length. 
Head  about  as  broad  as  high  at  the  occiput,  narrowing  forward,  and  from  below 
to  the  crown.  Crown  straight  from  the  nape  to  end  of  snout.  Snout  produced, 
sub  truncate,  and  curving  upward  and  forward  from  the  mouth;  not  depressed 
and  thin  as  in  species  of  Macrones,  little  wider  than  deep  at  the  end.  No  labial 
teeth ;  palatal  teeth  in  a  transverse  band  narrowly  divided  in  the  middle.  Eyes 
lateral  covered  by  skin,  folds  rudimentary,  above  and  below.  Barbels  eight; 
maxillary  slender,  not  reaching  the  gill  opening,  narial  reaching  the  middle  of 
the  eye.  Nostrils  separated;  anterior  in  front  of  the  snout;  posterior  near 
the  eyes,  with  a  slender  barbel  in  front.  Skull  covered  by  thin  skin,  with  a 
minute  spine  on  each  of  the  ridges  above  the  snout.  Denticles  of  the  dorsal 
spine  weaker  than  those  of  the  inner  side  of  the  pectoral  spines.  Caudal  deeply 
notched.  Adipose  fin  shorter  than  the  head. 

Brownish,  with  clouded  areas  at  the  top  of  the  head,  at  the  sides  of  the  dorsal 
and  behind  it. 

Type:—  No.  29847  M.  C.  Z.     Hupeh:  Ichang.     W.  R.  Zappey. 

SYMBRANCHIDAE. 
MONOPTERUS  JAVANENSIS  Lace'pede. 

Muraena  alba  ZUIEW,  1793. 
Monoplerus  javanensis  LAcfipfcDE,  1800. 

The  arrangement  of  the  colors  on  this  eel  is  suggestive  that  the  back  and 
upper  surfaces  are  exposed  to  the  more  direct  rays  of  light;  these  portions  of 
the  body  are  dark  while  the  lower  half  is  much  lighter  and  even  white.  Further, 
the  chin  and  throat  are  much  darker  than  the  balance  of  the  lower  surfaces, 
which  is  probably  due  to  the  habitual  carriage  of  head  and  neck  raised  above 
the  horizontal. 

Washan;  from  a  marsh  near  the  Tung  River,  at  an  altitude  of  6,000  feet 
or  more. 


AMPHIBIA   AND   EEPTILIA. 

BY  THOMAS  BARBOUR. 

The  collection  embraces  twenty-three  species.  For  the  most  part  they  are 
long  known  and  wide-ranging  forms.  Three  species,  Hyla  monticola,  Ambly- 
cephalus  chinensis,  and  Agkistrodon  tibelanus,  are  described  as  new. 

The  geographical  ranges  of  several  species  have  been  extended  by  the 
material  in  hand;  and  one  species,  Batrachypterus  sinensis  Boulenger,  is  inter- 
esting because  of  its  rarity. 

So  few  collections  have  been  made  in  the  higher  regions  of  the  Szechwan- 
Tibetan  mountain  area  that  even  so  small  a  series  is  of  peculiar  interest  in  that 
it  affords  another  addition  to  our  knowledge  of  a  region  which  has  doubtless 
been  the  centre  of  dispersal  for  very  many  different  forms. 

AMPHIBIA. 

CRYPTOBRANCHIDAE. 

MEGALOBATRACHUS  JAPONICUS  (Temminck). 

TEMMINCK,  Fauna  Japon.,  1837,  pt.  3,  Coup  d'oeil,  p.  xxvi  (fide  Stejneger). 
STEJNEGBB,  Bull.  58,  U.  S.  N.  M.,  1907,  p.  6-11. 

Stejneger  says  that  he  has  no  means  of  verifying  the  fact  that  Boulenger 
regards  Sieboldia  davidiana  Blanchard  from  China  as  identical  with  Japanese 
specimens.  That  Boulenger,  as  was  expected,  as  well  as  Krefft  and  Gray  were 
correct  in  this  stand  is  proven  by  material  now  in  hand.  Mr.  Zappey  took  a 
fine  example  about  two  feet  long  at  Yachow,  and  a  young  one  at  Hungyahsien 
both  towns  in  western  Szechwan.  They  are  not  distinguishable  from  Japanese 
specimens. 

Stejneger  (loc.  cit.,  p.  7)  notes  the  three  records  of  Blanchard,  Krefft,  and 
Gray  from  China.  Other  specimens  are,  one  taken  by  Mr.  A.  E.  Pratt  at 
Kiatingfu,  Szechwan,  which  Gtinther  called  Megalobatrachus  maximus,  a  syno- 
nym of  japonicus.  Walterstorff  (Abh.  Mus.  f.  natur.  u.  heimkunde  Magde- 
burg, 1906,  1,  2,  p.  123)  records  two  young  examples  obtained  from  native 
sources  somewhere  in  the  country  back  of  Canton,  collection  of  Dr.  Martin 


126  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

Kreyenberg.     Walterstorff  adds  (p.  132)  "Sonst  in  China  von  Muping,  West- 
Sze-Tschuan,  bekannt." 

Probably  the  species  will  prove  widely  distributed  in  China  from  the  Yangtze 
southward. 

AMBLYSTOMATIDAE. 

BATRACHYPTERUS  SINENSIS  (Sauvage). 
Plate  1,  Fig.  1. 

SAUVAGE,  Bull.  Soc.  philom.  eer.  7, 1,  p.  117. 
BOULENOER,  Cat.  Batr.  Grad.,  1882,  p.  37. 

It  is  a  pleasure  to  record  the  capture  of  this  rare  form  at  Lianghokow,  west- 
ern Szechwan,  at  an  altitude  of  over  12,000  feet.  Mr.  Zappey  tells  me  that  the 
single  example  taken  was  walking  over  a  bed  of  damp  moss  among  the  stunted 
spruces  and  firs  at  the  very  limit  of  tree  growth.  There  was  no  pond  or  stream 
of  running  water  near  by.  It  varies  considerably  from  Boulenger's  description 
in  that  the  tail  is  little  compressed  and  shows  much  less  fin  than  his  figure  does  ; 
the  digits  are  somewhat  more  slender;  and  the  coloration  is  slightly  different. 
The  most  important  difference,  however,  is  that  the  palatine  teeth,  instead  of 
being  "in  two  short  transverse  arched  series  between  the  choanae,"  are  in  two 
straight  series  slanting  sharply  and  converging  slightly  anterior  to  the  choanae; 
but  still  with  a  wide  interspace,  as  Boulenger  describes.  Altogether  while  a 
series  might  prove  that  this  form  is  specifically  distinct,  it  seems  more  likely 
that  the  differences  are  due  to  individual  variation,  which  in  such  characters 
as  length  of  digits,  for  instance,  so  often  shows  such  marked  differences  in  these 
lowly  forms. 

BUFONIDAE. 
BUFO  BUFO  GARGARIZANS  (Cantor). 

CANTOR,  Ann.  mag.  nat.  hist.,  1842,  9,  p.  483. 
STEJNEOER,  Bull.  58,  U.  S.  N.  M.,  1907,  p.  68. 

Mr.  Zappey  took  nine  toads  about  Ichang.  These  have  been  referred  with 
a  certain  hesitation  to  Cantor's  subspecies  as  Stejneger  defined  its  range.  Unfor- 
tunately we  have  no  Russian,  Turkestan,  or  Upper  Chinese  material  available 
for  comparison.  The  specimens  vary  greatly  in  the  distinctness  of  the  tym- 
panum, which  is  easily  seen,  and  is  half  as  large  as  the  eye  in  some,  while  in 


BARBOUR:  AMPHIBIA  AND  REPTILIA.  127 

others  it  can  be  made  out  only  by  close  scrutiny.  The  back  of  some,  as  well 
as  the  sides  and  thighs,  are  covered  with  large  round  tubercles,  while  in  one  the 
back  has  only  scattered  spine-bearing  warts.  In  some  the  second  finger  is  con- 
siderably longer  than  the  first  while  in  others  they  are  of  about  equal  size.  In 
one  the  parotid  gland  has  a  tendency  toward  a  crescentic  shape,  while  in  another 
it  is  simply  elongate.  The  amount  of  black  both  above  and  below  varies 
extremely. 

• 

HYLIDAE. 
HYLA  ARBOREA  IMMACULATA  Boettger. 

BOETTGER,  Ber.  Senck.  naturf.  ges.,  1888,  Abh.,  p.  189. 
STEJNEQER,  Bull.  58,  U.  S.  N.  M.,  1907,  p.  82-84. 

Two  specimens  agree  perfectly  with  the  description  of  this  subspecies, 
except  that  there  is  a  web  between  the  outer  fingers.  Unfortunately  the  locality 
tags  are  missing,  and  it  is  impossible  to  state  whether  they  came  from  about 
Ichang  or  from  Szechwan.  Stejneger  has  covered  the  question  of  the  identity 
of  the  various  east  Asiastic  tree  toads  so  completely  that  there  is  no  need  of 
further  remarks  on  the  subject.  The  Chinese  and  Japanese  specimens  in  the 
M.  C.  Z.  collection  substantiate  his  conclusions. 

HYLA  MONTICOLA,  sp.  nov. 

Plate  1,  Fig.  2. 

Type: —  No.  2553  M.  C.  Z.  Washan,  western  Szechwan,  China.  Altitude 
10,500  feet.  One  adult  specimen.  W.  R.  Zappey. 

Very  distinct  from  Hyla  annectans  Boulenger  and  Hyla  chinensis  Gunther 
with  specimens  of  which  it  has  been  compared. 

Vomerine  teeth  in  two  elongate  series,  well  separated,  converging  back- 
ward, beginning  between  the  middle  of  the  extremely  small  choanae  and  extend- 
ing considerably  posterior  to  them.  Tongue  large  and  long,  deeply  nicked 
behind.  Nostrils  midway  between  eye  and  tip  of  snout,  their  distance  from 
each  other  much  greater  than  their  distance  from  the  labial  margin.  Inter- 
orbital  space  much  greater  than  width  of  upper  eyelid.  Tympanum  almost 
circular,  its  diameter  less  than  half  that  of  eye.  Fingers  distinctly  webbed  at 
base,  slender,  terminating  in  very  small  disks.  Feet  with  rather  slightly  devel- 
oped webs,  tarsometatarsal  joint,  reaching  tip  of  snout.  Toes  long,  disks 


128  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

slightly  larger  than  those  of  fingers.  Subarticular  tubercles  very  weak;  a 
weak  inner  and  no  outer  metatarsal  tubercle.  Skin  above  smooth,  below  smooth 
on  chest,  but  granular  on  throat  and  strongly  granular  on  belly.  An  external 
vocal  sac  in  male.  Color  in  alcohol: — blue  above  with  ocelli  of  dark  brown, 
their  centres  brick-red.  Throat  dusky  gray.  Belly  and  inner  side  of  limbs 

white,   with  many  dark  spots. 

Color  in  life: — "green  above,  with  ocelli  of  brown,  with  reddish  centres. 
Inner  side  of  thighs  buff.  Lower  surfaces  chrome-yellow"  (W.  R.  Zappey). 

The  surmise  from  its  structure  that  this  was  a  ground-inhabiting  form  was 
confirmed  by  Mr.  Zappey,  who  tells  me  that  it  was  taken  above  tree  line  among 
low  bushes  and  grass  about  two  feet  high. 


RANIDAE. 

RANA  TIGERINA  Daudin. 

DAUDIN,  Hist.  nat.  rain.,  1803,  fol.  ed.,  p.  42;  quarto  ed.,  pt.  20,  p.  64;  Hist.  nat.  rept.,  1803,  8,  p.  125. 
STEJNEGEK,  Bull.  58,  U.  S.  N.  M.,  1907,  p.  139-142. 

The  forty-four  specimens  of  this  common  and  wide-ranging  frog  show  no 
appreciable  difference  from  specimens  taken  in  India  and  Burma.  As  Bengal 
was  the  type  locality  for  the  species,  this  fixes  beyond  doubt  the  identity  of  the 
Chinese  individuals.  Stejneger  states  that  Formosan  specimens  agree  with 
Chinese  from  Hong  Kong.  Van  Kampen  (Max  Weber's  Zool.  ergeb.,  1907, 
4,  2,  p.  388,  pi.  16,  fig.  C.)  has  separated  examples  from  Celebes  under  the  name 
of  R.  t.  angustopalmata.  This  is  probably  a  distinct  species.  The  Bornean 
species  is  Rana  schlueteri  Werner.  Specimens  from  Java  show  other  differences, 
as  do  also  those  from  the  Malay  peninsula;  and  those  from  the  Philippines  are 
recognizable  as  Rana  vittigera  Weigmann. 

Though  of  high  interest  and  importance  a  complete  study  of  this  species 
is  impossible  owing  to  the  lack  of  adults  from  the  various  localities.  They  are 
extremely  shy.  In  this  Ichang  series  not  one  is  fully  adult.  I  have  taken 
specimens  throughout  the  range  of  the  species  but  have  adults  from  Java  only. 
The  Museum  has  some  from  India. 


BARBOUR:  AMPHIBIA  AND  REPTILIA.  129 

RANA  NIGROMACULATA  Hallowell. 

HALLOWELL,  Proc.  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phila.,  1860,  p.  500. 
STEJNEGER,  Bull.  58,  U.  S.  N.  M.,  1907,  p.  94-100. 

Two  specimens  from  Ichang  show  a  slight  variation  from  specimens  from 
Pekin,  in  that  the  vomerine  teeth-groups  are  rather  less  prominent  and  slightly 
nearer  each  other.  Externally  the  two  lots  agree.  One  of  Mr.  Zappey's  two 
examples  shows  an  interesting  abnormality.  On  the  left-hand  side  the  tym- 
panum is  wanting  and  the  left  vomerine  tooth  group  as  well.  The  opposite 
side  shows  a  perfectly  normal  condition. 

RANA  PLANCYI  Lataste. 

LATASTE,  Bull.  Soc.  zool.  France,  1880,  6,  p.  64. 
STEJNEGER,  Bull.  58,  U.  8.  N.  M.  1907,  p.  101-102. 

Six  frogs  taken  at  Ichang  belong  to  this  species.  Dr.  Stejneger  very  kindly 
identified  them  for  me,  and  from  his  account  (loc.  tit.)  we  find  previous  locality 
records  as  follows: — Peking  (type  locality),  Shanghai,  Chusan,  Ningpo,  and 
Formosa.  These  six  specimens  taken  by  Mr.  Zappey  extend  the  range  of  the 
species  very  greatly. 

REPTILIA. 

NATRICIDAE. 
PTYAS  MUCOSUS  (Linne). 

LINNE,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  1,  p.  226. 
STEJNEGER,  Bull.  58,  U.  S.  N.  M.,  1907,  p.  345-347. 

A  single  specimen  from  Ichang,  about  five  feet  long.  Scale  rows  17;  ven- 
trals  196,  subcaudals  100,  anal  divided.  There  are  8  supralabials,  and  numbers 
four  and  five  enter  the  eye.  The  three  middle  rows  of  scales  are  not  keeled. 
There  is  but  one  loreal. 

Widely  distributed  over  all  southeastern  continental  Asia. 

ELAPHE  TAENIURUS  Cope. 

COPE,  Proc.  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phila.,  1860,  p.  565. 
BOULENGER,  Cat.  snakes  Brit,  mus.,  1894,  2,  p.  47. 
STEJNEGER,  Bull.  58,  U.  S.  N.  M.,  1907,  p.  319. 

The  record  of  this  wide  ranging  form  from  10,300  feet  at  Laolingkung  near 
the  Tibetan  frontier  of  western  Szechwan  is  interesting  as  giving  a  clew  to  the 


130  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

extent  of  its  vertical  distribution  in  China.  The  scale  formula  of  23  rows,  230 
ventrals,  and  104  subcaudals  is  typical.  Two  other  specimens  without  data 
are  from  either  Hupeh  or  Szechwan. 

Stejneger  says,  "Ranging  from  Darjeeling  in  the  west  to  Formosa  and  the 
Amur  Province  in  the  east,  this  species  has  the  regular  Himalayo-Chinese 
distribution." 

DINODON  RUFOZONATUM  (Cantor). 

CANTOR,  Zool.  Chusan,  1840,  pi.  11;  Ann.  mag.  nat.  hist.,  1842,  9,  p.  483. 
BOULENGER,  Cat.  snakes  Brit,  mus.,  1893,  1,  p.  361-362. 
STEJNEGER,  Bull.  58,  U.  S.  N.  M.,  1907,  p.  358-363. 

A  specimen  in  every  respect  typical,  from  Ichang,  Hupeh.  This  species 
is  a  common  one  ranging  throughout  China  and  Korea. 

LIOPELTIS  MAJOR  (Gunther). 

G(JNTHER,  Cat.  coll.  snakes  Brit,  mus.,  1858,  p.  120. 
BOULENGER,  Cat.  snakes  Brit,  mus.,  1894,  2,  p.  279. 
STEJNEGER,  Bull.  58,  U.  S.  N.  M.,  1907,  p.  338-340. 

A  single  typical  specimen  increases  considerably  the  known  range  of  this 
species.  Stejneger  speaks  of  it  as  "apparently  restricted  to  the  lower  Yangtse 
Valley  and  coasts  of  eastern  China,  between  Hongkong  and  Shanghai,  as  well 
as  to  Formosa."  The  example  in  hand,  however,  comes  from  "eight  days' 
journey  northwest  of  Ichang,  Hupeh."  It  has  been  compared  with  a  specimen 
from  Formosa,  in  this  Museum  (T.  Barbour  coll.),  and  found  to  be  almost  iden- 
tical. In  both  specimens  the  rostral  shield  is  divided. 

NATRIX  ANNULARIS  (Hallowell). 

HALLOWELL,  Proc.  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phila.,  1856,  p.  151. 
BOULENGER,  Cat.  snakes  Brit,  mus.,  1893,  1,  p.  233. 

A  single  specimen  from  Ichang  whence  the  species  does  not  appear  to  have 
been  previously  recorded.  A.  E.  Pratt  reported  the  species  common  about 
Kiukiang  much  lower  down  the  Yangtze.  The  species  ranges  over  middle 
China  and  Formosa.  The  specimen  shows  only  139  ventrals,  while  Boulenger 
notes  a  range  of  from  145  to  161.  Another  difference  is  the  three  postoculars 
in  addition  to  the  subocular  on  one  side;  on  the  other  side  the  normal  condi- 
tion of  2  +  1  obtains.  Again  on  one  side  the  loreal  is  deeper  than  broad,  while 
the  normal  opposite  is  found  on  the  other  side.  The  outer  row  of  scales  is 
without  keel,  as  are  also  a  considerable  number  in  the  second  row.  The  tern- 


HARBOUR:  AMPHIBIA  AND  REPTILIA.  131 

porals  are  normal  2  +  3  on  both  sides.  There  is  but  one  preocular  and  nine 
supralabials  on  each  side;  of  these  4  and  5  enter  the  orbit.  The  scales  are  in 
19  rows,  anal  is  divided,  ventrals,  as  already  mentioned,  139,  while  part  of  the 
tail  has  been  lost,  only  54  pairs  of  subcaudals  remaining. 

PSEUDOXENODON  siNENSis  Boulenger. 

BOULENGER,  Ann.  mag.  nat.  hist.,  1904,  ser.  7,  13,  p.  134. 

This  form,  which  Boulenger  remarks  is  so  very  nearly  related  to  P.  macrops 
(Blyth),  is  nevertheless  a  distinct  and  easily  distinguishable  one.  As  it  was 
reported  by  the  describer  from  both  Yunnan  and  Szechwan,  it  is  not  surprising 
to  find  a  typical  example  from  Laolingkung,  western  Szechwan  at  an  altitude 
of  10,300  feet.  Not  long  ago  I  was  fortunate  enough  to  get  a  specimen  taken 
at  Ytinnanfu  by  Mr.  Graham  at  6,000  feet  altitude.  Boulenger's  Yunnan 
records  were  based  on  specimens  taken  by  the  same  collector  in  the  same  locality. 
Both  of  these  examples  come  within  the  range  of  variation  which  Boulenger 
cites  for  the  five  previously  published  specimens. 

So  far  as  known  the  species  is  confined  to  Szechwan  and  Yunnan. 

ELAPIDAE. 

BUNGARUS   CAERULEUS  MULTICINCTUS    (Blyth). 

BLYTH,  Journ.  Asiat.  soc.  Bengal,  1861,  29,  p.  98. 
BOULENGER,  Cat.  snakes  Brit,  mus.,  1896,  3,  p.  369. 
STEJNEGER,  Bull.  58,  U.  S.  N.  M.,  1907,  p.  397-399. 

Dr.  Stejneger  (loc.  cit.)  has  treated  this  form  as  one  which  he  must  consider 
nominally  of  specific  value  until  it  can  be  actually  shown  to  join  the  Indian  Krait 
B.  caeruleus.  The  differences,  however,  are  of  such  slight  value  that  they  do 
not  warrant  more  than  subspecific  rank,  even  though  our  present  insufficient 
material  does  not  permit  of  our  showing  now  the  intergrading  with  not  only 
the  typical  race,  but  also  with  the  considerably  more  distinct  Malaysian  form, 
B.  candidus. 

This  race,  which  is  distributed  through  southern  China  from  "The  moun- 
tains north  of  Kiu-kiang"  on  the  Yangtze-kiang  to  Kwangtung,  Kwangsi,  and 
the  islands  of  Hainan  and  Formosa.  Mr.  Zappey's  example  from  Ichang, 
Hupeh  seems  the  first  taken  in  that  province  and  extends  considerably  the 
hitherto  known  range  into  western  China. 


132  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

AMBLYCEPHALIDAE. 

AMBLYCEPHALTJS  CHINENSIS,  sp.  nov. 
Plate  2,  Fig.  1. 

Type: — No.  7326  M.  C.  Z.  Luluping,  western  Szechwan,  China.  W.  R. 
Zappey. 

Closely  related  to  A.  monticola  (Cantor)  from  the  eastern  Himalayas, 
Khasi  and  Naga  hills,  and  the  Nocobar  Islands. 

Rostral  not  quite  as  deep  as  broad;  internasals  not  half  as  long  as  pre- 
frontals;  latter  entering  orbit;  frontal  slightly  longer  than  broad,  longer  than 
its  distance  from  the  end  of  the  snout,  much  shorter  than  the  parietals;  loreal 
present  but  excluded  from  and  entering  orbit  by  two  rather  small  preoculars; 
two  postoculars,  which  on  one  side  are  fused  into  one;  temporals  2+3;  seven 
upper  labials  of  which  the  fourth  barely  enters  the  orbit  on  one  side,  while  on 
the  other  all  are  excluded  by  the  extended  inferior  pref rentals  and  postfrontals  ; 
three  pairs  of  large  chin  shields,  anterior  longer  than  broad  and  in  contact  with 
the  symphyrial.  Scales  in  15  rows,  smooth;  three  rows  of  vertebrals  slightly 
enlarged.  Ventrals  180;  anal  entire;  subcaudals  60. 

Color : —  brown  above,  with  vertical  blackish  bars  on  the  sides ;  a  black 
line  from  eye  extending  along  nape,  which  is  connected  with  its  fellow  on  the 
opposite  side  by  a  black  line  which  curves  forward  so  as  to  almost  touch  the 
parietals;  another  black  line  from  the  eye  to  the  angle  of  the  mouth;  yellowish 
below  with  very  scattered  dots  of  blackish  brown. 

Although  there  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  very  great  similarity  of  this 
species  with  Cantor's  A.  monticola,  yet  it  may  be  easily  distinguished  by  the 
fact  that  the  loreal  does  not  enter  the  eye;  nor  does  more  than  one  labial.  The 
very  slightly  enlarged  vertebrals  have  no  tendency  toward  becoming  hexagonal, 
and  there  are  rather  fewer  of  both  ventral  and  subcaudal  scales  in  the  type 
specimen  than  the  least  number  recorded  for  Cantor's  species.  It  shows  rela- 
tionship also  with  A.  malaccanus  (Peters),  which,  however,  has  no  preocular. 

CROTALIDAE. 

AGKISTRODON  BLOMHOFFII  BREVICAUDUS  Stejneger. 

Plate  2,  Fig.  2. 
STEJNEOBR,  Bull.  58,  U.  S.  N.  M.,  1907,  p.  463-464. 


BARBOUR:  AMPHIBIA  AND  REPTILIA.  133 

To  this  recently  described  subspecies  three  specimens  taken  by  Mr.  Zappey 
may  be  assigned.  Two  are  from  Ichang,  from  whence  specimens  have  been 
recorded  from  the  collection  of  the  British  museum  (Stejneger,  loc.  cit.,  p.  454). 
The  scales  run  21  rows;  145  ventrals,  39  subcaudals,  and  7  labials  for  one,  the 
other  is  mutilated.  The  third  specimen  comes  from  Kweichowhsien,  Hupeh. 
Scales  in  21  rows;  141  ventrals;  35  subcaudals,  and  7 labials. 

Occurs  in  Korea,  eastern  and  part  of  central  and  of  western  China,  Formosa, 
and  possibly  Hainan. 

AGKISTRODON  TIBETANUS,  sp.  nov. 
Plate  2,  Fig.  3,  4. 

Type:— No.  7327  M.  C.  Z.  Ramala  Pass  beyond  Tachienlu,  western  Sze- 
chwan:  altitude  13,000  feet.  W.  R.  Zappey. 

Rostral  as  high  as  broad,  scarcely  visible  from  above;  internasals  large, 
roughly  triangular,  their  suture  almost  as  long  as  that  of  prefrontals,  which  are 
broadly  in  contact  with  supraoculars;  frontal  longer  than  broad,  as  long  as  the 
distance  from  rostral  supraoculars,  as  long  as  frontal  but  narrower;  parietals 
considerably  longer  than  supraoculars;  nostril  round  in  the  posterior  part  of 
the  anterior  nasal,  which  is  slightly  larger  than  the  posterior;  two  loreals,  one 
above  the  other,  the  lower  one  bordering  the  pit  anteriorly;  a  narrow  subfoveal 
enters  the  orbit  with  two  preoculars,  one  of  which  also  borders  the  pit  posteriorly; 
pit  very  near  eye,  in  fact  meeting  the  orbit;  two  postoculars,  of  which  the  lower 
is  long,  narrow,  and  concentric,  reaching  far  under  the  eye,  but  not  approaching 
the  scales  behind  the  pit,  as  in  A.  blomhoffii;  2+4  temporals,  of  which  the 
lower  ones  in  each  row  are  large  hexagonal  shields,  those  above  being  small 
scales  (none  keeled  as  in  A.  blomhoffii) ;  the  lower  temporal  of  the  third  row  large 
and  shaped  like  those  in  front  of  it ;  the  three  lower  temporals  forming  a  series 
of  large  shields,  larger  than  the  adjoining  labials;  seven  upper  labials,  second 
smallest,  third  and  fourth  very  large,  the  rest  gradually  diminishing  in  size 
posteriorly;  the  third  enters  the  eye  for  its  entire  superior  margin,  chin  shields 
as  in  Stejneger's  figure  of  the  ventral  view  of  head  of  A.  blomhoffii  (Bull.  58, 
U.  S.  N.  M.,  1907,  p.  458,  fig.  364) ;  twenty-one  rows  of  keeled  scales,  usually 
with  indistinct  apical  pits;  152  ventrals;  anal  entire;  43  subcaudals,  all  divided. 

The  color  is  worthy  of  somewhat  extended  notice.  The  whole  back  is  dull 
green  with  rhombic  darker  markings.  Lower  surfaces  mottled  black  and  dark 
grayish.  Lower  row  of  scales  with  light  spots  which  alternate  with  light  spots 


134  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

on  the  extremities  of  the  ventrals;  between  these  two  series  of  spots  runs  a 
zigzag  black  continuous  band.  On  top  of  the  head  there  is  a  dark  blotch  running 
from  the  edge  of  the  frontal  to  a  band  from  eye  along  neck.  A  rough  horseshoe- 
shaped  mark  on  the  nape  of  the  neck  with  the  bow  directed  forward.  The 
figures  of  this  example  compared  with  one  of  A.  b.  brevicaudus  Stejneger  show 
how  radical  is  the  difference  in  type  of  marking  between  the  two  forms,  as  well 
as  the  other  divergences. 

When  showing  the  type  of  this  species  to  Dr.  Stejneger,  he  at  once  confirmed 
my  decision  to  describe  it  as  new,  and  remarked  that  he  did  not  believe  it  to  be 
very  nearly  related  to  any  of  the  described  forms,  but  to  represent. a  species  by 
far  the  most  primitive  of  any  in  the  genus.  This  is,  of  course,  exactly  what  one 
might  suppose  would  be  the  case  with  a  form  coming  from  the  habitat  of  A. 
tibetanus. 

AGAMIDAE. 
JAPALURA  YUNNANENSIS  Anderson. 

ANDERSON,  Zool.  W.  Yunnan,  1878,  p.  803,  pi.  66,  fig.  2. 
BOULENGER,  Cat.  lizards  Brit,  mus.,  1885,  1,  p.  310. 

Five  specimens  taken  among  Cacti  on  the  sandy  shores  of  the  Tung  River 
in  western  Szechwan.  These  show  no  essential  differences  from  Anderson's 
figure  except  that  in  none  of  these  examples,  and  one  is  an  adult  male,  do  the 
spines  of  the  weak  nuchal  crest  reach  the  length  which  his  figure  shows.  For 
in  that  three  or  four  spines  on  the  nape  have  a  length  almost  equalling  the 
diameter  of  the  orbit,  in  none  of  these  is  the  length  one  third  as  great.  The 
types  came  from  Momein  or  Tengyuehchow  in  western  Yunnan.  Swinhoe 
has  collected  the  species  in  Szechwan. 


SCINCIDAE. 
ETJMECES  XANTHI  Giinther. 

GATHER,  Ann.  mag.  nat.  hist.,  1889,  ser.  6,  4,  p.  220. 

A  single  specimen  from  Ichang,  the  type  locality  and  the  only  one  from 
whence  the  species  has  been  reported,  differs  somewhat  from  the  original  descrip- 
tion. There  is  only  one  loreal,  which,  however,  forms  a  suture  with  the  fronto- 
nasals.  There  is  also  only  one  pair  of  nuchals.  The  second  azygos  postmental 
is  separated  from  the  first  by  the  meeting  on  the  median  line  of  a  pair  of  large 


BARBOUR:  AMPHIBIA  AND  REPTILIA.  135 

gular  shields.  There  are  five  light  longitudinal  stripes  on  the  back  and  sides. 
The  central  one  bifurcates  on  the  head,  and  the  resultants  meet  the  laterodorsal 
bands  at  the  anterior  margin  of  the  eye. 

LEIOLEPISMA  LATERALE  (Say). 

SAY,  Long's  exped.  Rocky  Mts.,  1823,  2,  p.  324. 
BOULENGER,  Cat.  lizards  Brit,  mus.,  1887,  3,  p.  264. 
STEJNEGER,  Bull.  58,  U.  S.  N.  M.,  1907,  p.  218. 

Careful  comparison  of  a  specimen  taken  by  Mr.  Zappey  at  Washan,  western 
Szechwan,  at  6,000  feet  altitude,  and  another  which  the  writer  obtained,  col- 
lected by  Mr.  John  Graham  at  Yiinnanfu  at  the  same  altitude,  with  North 
American  examples,  has  forced  the  same  conclusion  previously  reached  by 
Boulenger  and  Stejneger  as  to  the  identity  of  specimens  from  both  continents. 
Among  a  number  of  examples  in  the  collection  of  the  M.  C.  Z.  from  Florida, 
Texas,  and  Arkansas,  individuals  may  be  picked  out  which  can  not  be  separated 
from  the  two  Chinese  examples  mentioned.  Thus  L.  reevesii  (Gray)  becomes  a 
synonym  of  L.  laterale  (Say). 

This  most  remarkable  distribution  embraces  the  southeastern  United 
States  west  to  the  Rockies,  and  including  Mexico  (Jalapa,  example  in  British 
Museum),  as  well  as  almost  all  of  southern  and  central  China  and  the  Riu  Kiu 
Islands. 

TRIONYCHIDAE. 

AMYDA  SINENSIS  (Wiegmann). 

WIEGMANN,  Nova  acta  Acad.  Leop.  Carol.,  1834,  17,  p.  189. 
STEJNEGER,  Bull.  58,  U.  S.  N.  M.,  1907,  p.  524-526. 

A  specimen  from  Chungking,  Szechwan,  which  I  have  compared  with  ex- 
amples in  the  collection  of  the  U.  S.  N.  M.  from  other  localities,  does  not  differ 
appreciably  from  specimens  from  Honan  and  Formosa,  nor  yet  from  Japanese 
examples,  so  that  it  adds  evidence  in  support  of  Stejneger  (Proc.  U.  S.  N.  M. 
1910,  38,  p.  114). 

TESTUDINIDAE. 

GEOCLEMYS  REEVESII  (Gray). 

GRAY,  Synopsis  rept,.,  1831,  p.  73. 

STEJNEGER,  Bull.  58,  U.  S.  N.  M.,  1907,  p.  497-500. 

Eleven  specimens  from  Ichang. 


136  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

Stejneger  says:  "In  China  it  is  known  from  Tientsin  to  Canton,  and  in 
the  interior  at  least  as  far  as  Hankow."  It  occurs  also  in  Cochin  China,  Korea, 
and  Japan.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  capture  of  these  Ichang  specimens 
extends  the  range  for  some  distance  up  the  Yangtze  beyond  Hankow. 


AVES. 

BY  JOHN  E.  THAYER  AND  OUTRAM  BANGS. 

This  collection  of  birds  numbers  3,135  beautifully  prepared  skins,  belong- 
ing to  358  species  and  subspecies.  Considering  the  work  that  has  been  done 
in  this  region  during  the  last  forty  years  the  collection  is  rich  in  novelties.  In  a 
preliminary  paper  —  Descriptions  of  new  birds  from  central  China.  Bull. 
M.  C.  Z.,  1909,  52,  p.  139-141, — -we  have  already  described  eight  new  forms, 
and  now  add  one  new  genus,  five  new  species,  and  seven  new  subspecies. 

When  Mr.  Zappey  started  it  was  expected  that  a  Chinaman,  perhaps  one 
of  the  "shooting-men"  trained  by  Mr.  Styan,  could  aid  in  the  collection  and 
preparation  of  skins,  but  unfortunately  none  was  available  and  Mr.  Zappey 
did  all  the  work  himself,  and  deserves  the  greatest  praise  for  his  industry  and 
zeal. 

Specimens  of  nearly  all  the  species  seen  were  secured.  Swans,  cranes, 
and  storks  were  now  and  then  observed  but  were  too  shy  to  be  shot  with  a 
gun,  and  were  most  frequently  in  places  where  it  was  too  dangerous  to  use  a 
rifle.  The  Solitary  snipe,  Gallinago  solitaria,  was  seen  on  two  occasions,  one 
being  shot  near  Ichang  the  first  year,  but  its  condition  was  such  that  it  could 
not  be  preserved,  and  another  flushed  in  the  high  grass  lands  of  western  Sze- 
chwan  when  with  a  rifle  Mr.  Zappey  was  stalking  sheep.  Another  bird,  a  green 
pigeon,  was  seen  twice,  but  was  not  taken.  A  flock  of  six  or  eight  of  these  were 
feeding  in  the  low  shrubbery  at  a  great  altitude  in  the  mountains  of  western 
Szechwan.  They  were  very  tame,  but  when  approached  to*  within  gun-shot 
distance  they  were  obscured  by  clouds  and  when  the  weather  cleared  the  birds 
had  disappeared.  The  second  flock  was  seen  by  Mr.  Wilson  near  the  same  place 
but  when  he  was  without  a  gun. 

Time  did  not  allow  a  visit  to  the  Moupin  district  so  famous,  ornithologi- 
cally,  from  the  work  done  there  by  Pere  David,  while  the  high  mountains  about 
Tachienlu,  also  a  very  famous  region  for  birds,  proved  a  great  disappointment. 
The  Chinese  as  they  have  gradually  wrested  this  country  from  the  Zolo  tribes- 
men have  burned  the  woods,  reducing  to  ashes  hundreds  of  miles  of  magnificent 
coniferous  forest.  This  probably  accounts  for  the  absence  in  this  collection  of 
several  of  the  species  described  from  this  region  by  Pere  David,  Oustalet,  and 
others.  Of  the  places  visited,  one,  the  Washan  mountains,  nesds  special  men- 


13S  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

tion.  This  high  isolated  range  proved  the  richest  field  explored  during  the 
whole  trip,  and  most  of  the  peculiar  birds  and  mammals  secured  came  from  it. 
It  is  to  be  regretted  that  so  short  a  time,  a  few  days  in  the  spring  and  again  a 
few  in  autumn,  could  be  spent  there. 

All  the  altitudes  were  taken  by  Mr.  Zappey  himself  with  an  aneroid. 

We  have  followed  the  systematic  sequence  of  Sharpe's  Hand  list,  but  our 
use  of  the  10th  edition  of  Linn6's  Systema  will  account  for  the  difference  in  many 
of  the  names  employed.  All  measurements  are  in  millimeters  and  the  colors 
according  to  Ridgway's  nomenclature. 

We  have  compared  many  of  our  specimens  with  material  in  the  U.  S. 
national  museum,  and  have  received  the  constant  aid  and  advice  of  Dr.  Chas.  W. 
Richmond  and  Mr.  Harry  C.  Oberholser  to  whom  our  sincere  thanks  are 
tendered. 

TETRAONIDAE. 

TETRASTES  SEVERTZOVI  Prjevalsky. 

Three  specimens  were  taken  in  western  Szechwan,  an  adult  male,  at  Tachi- 
enlu,  13,500  feet,  July  9,  1907,  an  adult  female  and  a  young  female  about  half 
grown  at  Shuowlow,  14,000  feet,  August  19,  1908. 

PHASIANIDAE. 

TETRAOPHASIS  SZECHENYII  Madarasz. 
Seven  specimens,  six  adults  of  both  sexes  and  a  half  grown  young  male 

| 

were  taken  in  western  Szechwan,  Ramala  Pass,  Shuowlow,  and  Nachuka, 
in  August,  1908,  at  altitudes  ranging  from  14,000  to  15,500  feet. 

The  young  is  very  different  in  color-pattern  from  the  adult,  the  plumage 
of  both  upper  and  under  parts  being  much  marked  and  variegated  with  gray 
and  buff  on  a  dark  brown  ground  color,  giving  the  young  bird  a  grouse-like 
appearance. 

PERDIX  HODGSONIAE  SIFANICA  Prjevalsky. 

Five  adults,  both  sexes,  Tachienlu,  Ramala  Pass,  and  Lanerhyingpa, 
western  Szechwan,  11,000  to  15,000  feet,  midsummer. 

This  form  is  certainly  only  a  smaller  and  otherwise  slightly  different  sub- 
species of  P.  hodgsoniae.  The  principal  color  difference  is  that  P.  h.  sifanica 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  139 

lacks  the  black  breast  patch  of  true  hodgsoniae;  the  other  supposed  color  char- 
acters appear  to  be  very  variable. 

COTURNIX  JAPONICA  (Temminck  &  Schlegel). 

Twenty  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  and  Changyanghsien,  western  Hupeh, 
autumn,  and  April. 

This  series  is  entirely  referable  to  this  very  distinct  species.  Some  young 
males  have  a  little  black  on  the  throat,  but  they  show  the  long  lanceolate  throat 
feathers.  Some  young  females  show  the  elongate  throat  feathers  very  slightly, 
but  otherwise  are  exactly  like  more  adult  females  that  show  this  character  very 
plainly. 

BAMBUSICOLA  THORACICA  (Temminck). 

Four  adult  males,  Kiating,  Chungking,  and  Yachow,  western  Szechwan, 
November,  and  December. 

ITHAGENES  GEOFFROYI  Verreaux. 

Eight  specimens,  seven  adults  of  both  sexes,  and  one  young  male  less  than 
half  grown  were  taken  at  Tachienlu,  Tongolow,  Shuowlow,  Ramala  Pass, 
and  Kaoerhshan,  western  Szechwan,  at  altitudes  ranging  from  12,000  to  15,500 
feet,  in  July,  and  August. 

The  young  male,  Tachienlu,  12,000  feet,  July  19,  1908,  has  the  head  and 
nape  blackish  ashy,  and  the  body  feathers  with  conspicuous  pale  shaft-stripes; 
the  gray  tail  feathers  and  pointed  red  tail-coverts  of  the  adult  plumage  are  just 
beginning  to  show. 

ITHAGENES  WILSONI,  sp.  nov. 

Two  adult  males,  Washan,  western  Szechwan,  9,000  feet  altitude,  No- 
vember 2,  1908. 

Type:— No.  52366  M.  C.  Z.  adult  <?.  Western  Szechwan:  Washan  Moun- 
tain, 9,000  feet,  November  2,  1908.  W.  R.  Zappey. 

Characters: —  Similar  in  general  to  I.  geoffroyi  but  about  one  third  smaller. 
In  color  the  Washan  bird  does  not  differ  radically  from  /.  geoffroyi,  though 
there  are  some  slight  variances;  the  tail  in  /.  wilsoni  is  rather  darker  ashy; 
and  the  white  shaft-lines  on  the  back,  scapulars,  and  upper  tail-coverts  are  wider. 


140  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

Measurements. 

No.  Sex.  Wing.  Tail.  Tarsus.       Culmen. 

523GG  cT  169  123.  55.  21. 

52367  d"  171  129.  58.  21. 

In  a  series  of  four  adult  males  of  /.  geoffroyi,  the  wing  averages,  211,  the 
tail  167,  the  tarsus,  66,  and  the  culmen  24.5. 

We  have  named  this  little  species  after  Mr.  E.  H.  Wilson  to  whose  energy 
and  executive  ability  much  of  the  success  of  the  Arboretum  Expedition  is  due. 

This  species  is  entirely  isolated  in  the  Washan  Mountain  and  apparently 
is  not  common  there.  Mr.  Zappey  at  the  time  of  its  capture  noticed  its  small 
size,  and  other  differences  separating  it  from  I.  geoffroyi  which  he  had  taken 
at  Tachienlu. 

TRAGOPAN  TEMMINCKI  (J.  E.  Gray). 

Three  adults,  two  males,  Fangshen,  Hupeh,  July,  and  one  female  from 
Washan,  western  Szechwan,  November. 

CROSSOPTILTJN  TIBETANUM  (Hodgson). 

Nine  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes  and  one  young  female  about  one  third 
grown,  Cheto,  Tachienlu,  Shuowlow,  and  Tongolow,  western  Szechwan,  12,000 
to  14,000  feet,  midsummer. 

PHASIANUS  TORQUATTJS  KIANGSUENSIS  Buturlin. 

Eight  adult  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichanghsien,  Hsienshanhsien,  Chang- 
hsien,  Kunganhsien,  Hupeh.  All  were  taken  in  winter  except  one  taken  in  June. 

PHASIANUS  HOLDERERI  Schalow. 

Thirteen  adult  specimens  both  sexes  Tawan,  Changyanghsien,  Hsien- 
shan,  Mafuling,  Puerhyangtze,  and  Kwangpow,  Hupeh,  spring,  summer, 
autumn,  and  winter.  Taken  at  altitudes  ranging  from  2,500  feet  to  6,000  feet. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  correct  identification  of  these  pheasants, 
which  occur  so  very  near  each  other,  in  fact  in  the  same  general  region,  though 
usually  at  different  altitudes;  and  yet  they  hold  their  distinguishing  characters 
so  constantly  that  there  is  not  one  in  the  series  in  the  least  degree  intermediate. 

Mr.  Zappey  tells  us  that  in  Hupeh,  the  habits  of  P.  lorquatus  kiangsuensis, 
and  P.  holdereri  are  quite  different.  The  former  being  almost  wholly  restricted, 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  141 

at  all  seasons,  to  the  low  ground  of  the  river  bottoms  or  as  he  expressed  it  being 
"semiaquatic,"  not  only  feeding  and  living  in  the  wet  marshes  and  rice-fields, 
but  "roosting  there  at  night,  sometimes  in  places  where  the  water  is  part  way 
up  its  legs."  He,  however,  took  one  male  and  two  females  in  the  upland  country 
at  Hsienshanhsien. 

Phasianus  holdereri,  which  is  rather  the  more  abundant,  is  on  the  other 
hand  wholly  a  bird  of  the  rolling  upland  country  at  altitudes  ranging  from  2,000 
to  6,000  feet  and  probably  even  higher;  it  was  never  seen  in  the  lowlands. 

While  thus  apparently  specifically  distinct  from  P.  torquatus,  P.  holdereri 
is  in  all  probability  a  subspecies  of  P.  decolatus;  the  descriptions  of  P.  berezow- 
skyi  Rothschild,  suggesting  strongly  its  relationship  to  decolatus  on  the  one 
side  and  to  holdereri  on  the  other. 

The  two  species,  with  which  we  here  deal,  are  easily  separated  in  the  adult 
male  plumage  by  the  following  characters. 

P.    HOLDERERI. 

1 .  White  collar  always  narrow;  commonly  very  incomplete;  usually  not,  though 

sometimes    very    narrowly    connecting    behind;     sometimes    altogether 
wanting. 

2.  Head,  with  no  distinct  paler  superciliaries;    crown  and  occup  concolor, 

or  very  nearly  so,  with  nape. 

3.  Wing-coverts,  olive-gray. 

4.  Rump  greener. 

5.  Black  bands  on  tail  wider. 

6.  Size  a  little  larger. 

P.    KIANGSUENSIS. 

1.  White  collar,  always  wide,  always  connecting  behind. 

2.  Head   with   conspicuous  whitish   superciliaries;    crown  and   occup   much 

duller,  more  brownish,  than  nape. 

3.  Wing-coverts  ashy  gray. 

4.  Rump  grayer. 

5.  Black  bands  on  tail  narrower. 

6.  Size  a  little  smaller. 

The  slight  difference  in  size  is  the  only  character  for  the  separation  of  the 
females,  and  this  while  it  gives  good  average  differences  in  the  two  series  before 


142  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

us,  is  within  the  limit  of  failure,  if  one  should  have  a  single  unusually  large 
specimen  of  one  species,  or  a  single  unusually  small  one  of  the  other. 

Scores  of  pheasants  of  these  two  species  were  shot  for  food,  and  Mr.  Zappey's 
notes  were  based  on  infinitely  more  material,  than  the  comparatively  small 
series  made  into  skins.  Transportation  and  space  had  constantly  to  be  con- 
sidered where  large  birds  were  concerned. 

We  cannot  leave  this  subject  without  noticing  Buturlin's  Distribution  of 
the  true  pheasants  (Ibis,  July,  1904,  ser.  8,  4,  377-414).  For  the  systematic 
part  of  this  very  convenient  summary  we  have  only  praise.  This  author  has 
turned  out  a  piece  of  work  vastly  better  than  that  of  any  of  his  predecessors, 
and  has  also  clearly  shown  the  number  of  recognizable  races  and  species  into 
which  pheasants  in  a  state  of  undisturbed  nature,  divide  and  the  very  small 
area  usually  occupied  by  each. 

On  points  of  synonymy  however,  he  is  in  some  cases,  entirely  in  the  wrong. 

It  would  be,  we  admit,  an  easy  way  of  avoiding  difficulties  if  when  with 
adequate  material  a  wide  ranging,  variable  species  is  divided  into  its  natural 
subspecies,  the  names  of  early  authors  could  be  ignored.  This  high-handed 
practice,  however,  can  not  be  allowed.  Buturlin  disregards  the  fact  that 
Gmelin's  name  Phasianus  torquatus  for  the  collared  pheasant  of  China  was 
quite  adequate  to  Gmelin's  time  and  must  stand.  P.  torquatus  torquates  must 
be  used  for  some  subspecies.  We  therefore  use  it  for  the  one  of  southeastern 
China,  to  which  Buturlin  gave  the  name  P.  holder -eri  gmelini: — first,  because 
this  was  apparently  the  last  race  left  without  a  name;  secondly,  because 
Buturlin  himself  thinks  it  most  probably  the  one  to  which  Gmelin's  name 
was  applied;  and  thirdly,  because  it  was  the  form  to  which  David  and  Oustalet 
restricted  the  name. 

Equally  unpardonable  on  this  author's  part  is  his  treatment  of  Phasianus 
torquatus  pallasi  Rothschild.  Later  when  ample  material  shows  that  an  author 
confused  two  or  more  forms  under  one  name  it  is  not  customary  to  discredit  the 
earlier  authors'  species  entirely,  but  to  restrict  his  name  to  one  of  the  forms. 

PHASIANUS  ELEGANS  Elliot. 

Eleven  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes  and  two  small  chicks,  Washan, 
Tachienlu,  and  Tashanling,  western  Szechwan,  6,000  to  10,000  feet,  summer,  and 
autumn. 

A  female  taken  at  Kiating  in  the  lowlands  of  south  central  Szechwan, 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  143 

December  14,  1908,  Mr.  Zappey  thinks  belongs  to  another  species,  possibly 
P.  dccollatus  Swinhoe.  Pheasants  were  very  scarce  at  Kiating  and  the  few 
seen  were  very  wild.  He  thought  that  the  one  or  two  males  though  observed 
at  a  distance,  were  not  the  same  as  P.  elegans  which  he  had  taken  in  the  moun- 
tains. The  only  difference  we  can  see  in  the  skin  from  Kiating  is  that  it  is  a 
little  larger  than  females  of  P.  elegans  and  has  a  slightly  larger  bill. 

SYRMATICUS  REEVESI  (J.  E.  Gray). 

Thirteen  adults,  both  sexes,  Kwangpow,  Changyanghsien,  Putze,  and 
Tawan,  Hupeh,  spring,  autumn,  and  winter. 

This  magnificent  game  bird  inhabits  principally  the  oak  belt  on  the  moun- 
tains at  from  2,000  to  5,000  feet  where  it  feeds  upon  acorns. 

Some  of  the  specimens  taken  are  superb  with  absolutely  perfect  tails, 
one  measuring  when  stretched  to  its  full  length  no  less  than  six  feet,  nine  and 
three  fourths  inches. 

CHRYSOLOPHUS  PICTUS  (Linne"). 

Seven  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes  and  one  young  male.  Tawan, 
Ichanghsien,  Changyanghsien,  and  Kweichowhsien,  Hupeh,  winter,  spring, 
and  autumn. 

The  Golden  pheasant,  though  very  common  in  these  regions,  is  extremely 
hard  to  shoot,  as  it  keeps  to  the  dense  bamboo  thickets,  and  refuses  to  take 
wing  even  when  hunted  with  a  dog. 

CHRYSOLOPHUS  AMHERSTIAE  Leadbeater. 

Three  adult  males,  Washan,  and  Wuyaling,  western  Szechwan  at  8,000  feet, 
May,  and  October. 

TURNICIDAE. 
TTJRNIX  BLANFORDI  Blyth. 
Seven  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  September,  and  October. 

COLUMBIDAE. 

COLUMBA   LEUCONOTA   Vigors. 

Four  specimens  adults  of  both  sexes,  Tachienlu,  Mohsimien,  western 
Szechwan,  July,  1908.  The  Snow  pigeon  was  constantly  seen  at  altitudes 


144  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

ranging  from  7,500  to  12,500  feet  and  even  higher,  but  on  account  of  the  nature 
of  the  country  it  inhabits  only  four  specimens  were  secured. 

COLUMBA  RUPESTRIS  RUPESTRis  Bonaparte. 

Seven  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Washan,  Tongolow,  Waszekow, 
Nachuka,  western  Szechwan,  at  altitudes  ranging  from  5,000  to  12,500  feet, 
July,  and  August. 

PERISTERIDAE. 

TURTITR  ORIENTALIS  (Latham). 

Sixteen  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Ichanghsien,  Yangchaho,  Changyang- 
hsien,  Ituhsien,  Hsienshan,  Hsienshanhsein,  Mafuling,  Shihtowya,  and  Fangshen, 
Hupeh;  Nachuka,  Tachienlu,  and  Luitingchiao,  Szechwan;  all  seasons  and 
altitudes  up  to  12,000  feet. 

STREPTOPELIA  DECAOCTA  (Frivaldszky) . 
Two  adult  males,  Ichanghsien,  Hupeh,  February. 

ONOPOPELIA  HUMILIS  (Temminck). 

Twenty  specimens,  young  and  adult,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  and 
Tachienlu,  western  Szechwan,  spring,  summer,  and  autumn. 

SPILOPELIA  CHINENSIS  (Scopoli). 

Twelve  specimens,  young  and  adult,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  and  Kunganhsien, 
Hupeh;  Kiating,  and  Omeihsien  Szechwan;  spring,  summer,  and  autumn. 

RALLIDAE. 

RALLUS  AQUATICUS  KOREJEWI  Saruduy. 
Plate  3,  fig.  1. 

One  adult  male,  in  full  spring  plumage,  Ichanghsien,  Hupeh,  March  8, 
1908. 

Our  skin  agrees  exactly  in  every  detail,  with  the  description  of  this  strongly 
marked  subspecies;  the  record,  however,  greatly  extends  its  range. 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  145 

RALLUS  INDICUS  Blyth. 
One  immature  female  Ichang,  Hupeh,  September  16,  1907. 

HYPOTAENIDIA  STRIATA  (Linn<?). 
One  youngish  female,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  September  18,  1907. 

PORZANA  AURICULARIS  Reichenow. 

Three  males,  none  in  fully  adult  plumage,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  September 
and  October. 

PORZANA  BICOLOR  Walden. 

Two  adult  males,  Washan,  western  Szechwan,  May  29,  and  June  7,  1908, 
6,000  feet. 

This  rail  was  not  uncommon  on  the  Washan  Mountains  where  it  was 
breeding;  it  proved  very  hard  to  shoot,  and  although  two  nests  were  found, 
one  with  six  the  other  with  five  eggs,  the  parent  birds  were  not  secured.  A 
bird  was  seen,  as  it  left  its  nest  and  five  eggs,  and  positively  identified  as 
belonging  to  this  species.  Both  nests,  one  taken  May  30,  the  other  June  5 
were  found  in  small  reedy  islands  in  mountain  streams. 

ORTYGOPS  EXQUISITA  (Swinhoe). 
One  adult  female,  Luchow,  central  Szechwan,  April  26,  1908. 

LIMNOBAENUS  FUSCUS  (Linn6). 
One  adult  male,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  July  8,  1907. 

AMAURORNIS  PHOENICURA  (Forster). 

Twenty-one  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  and  six  little  wholly  black 
chicks  July  21,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  spring,  summer,  and  autumn. 

GALLINULA  CHLOROPUS  ORIENTALIS  Horsfield. 
One  adult  male,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  June  17,  1907. 

GALLICREX  CINEREA  (Gmelin). 

Three  specimens,  an  adult  male,  a  young  male,  and  a  young  female  the 
young  in  the  brown  plumage,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  July,  September,  and  October. 


146  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

COLYMBIDAE. 
COLYMBUS  CRISTATUS  Linn<3. 

One  male,  in  winter  plumage,  Chachianghsien,  western  Szechwan,  Decem- 
ber 7,  1908. 

TACHYBAPTUS  RUFICOLLIS  POGGEI  (Reichenow). 

Two  adult  females,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  September,  and  October. 

The  collection  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  contains  also  two 
fine  adults,  <?  and  9 ,  from  Pekin.  These  specimens  indicate  that  the  slight 
characters  that  distinguish  the  Chinese  form  from  true  T.  ruficollis  (Pallas) 
and  T.  r.  philippensis  (Bonnaterre)  are  not  wholly  constant,  and  the  subspecies 
is  certainly  not  a  strongly  marked  one. 

LARIDAE. 

STERNA  SINENSIS  Gmelin. 

Seven  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Luchow,  and  Kiating,  Szechwan, 
April,  and  May. 

LARUS  RIDIBUNDUS  Linne". 

Four  specimens,  three  adults  of  both  sexes  in  winter  plumage  and  one 
immature  female,  Ichang,  and  Changhsien,  Hupeh,  February,  and  March. 

LARUS  AFFINIS  Reinhardt. 

One  female,  immature,  in  probably  its  second  year,  Chachianghsien,  western 
Szechwan,  December  7,  1908. 

LARUS  CANUS  Linne". 
One  immature  female,  Yachow,  western  Szechwan,  December  5,  1908. 

CHARADRIIDAE. 

MICROSARCOPS  CINEREUS  (Blyth). 

Three  specimens,  two  adult  females  and  a  youngish  male,  Ichang,  Hupeh, 
March,  and  October. 

VANELLUS  VANELLUS  (Linne1). 

Five  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hupeh  and  Chiachianghsien,  Kiating, 
Kungyahsien,  and  Omeihsien,  Szechwan,  autumn,  and  winter. 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  147 

CHARADRIUS  DOMINICUS  FULVUS  (Gmelin). 
Two  females,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  October. 

OCHTHODROMUS   VEREDUS    (Gould). 

One  female,  Lochichen,  eastern  Szechwan,  April  10,  1908. 

AEGIALITIS  PLACIDA  (Gray). 

Twenty-six  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  and  Lanjung,  Hupeh,  and  Nan- 
chihsien,  Suifu,  Kiating,  Changshowhsien,  Hochianghsien,  and  Chiachianghsien, 
Szechwan,  autumn,  and  spring,  some  as  late  as  May  5. 

AEGIALITIS  DUBIA  (Scopoli). 

Nine  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  and  Hochianghsien,  Chiang- 
chinghsien,  Chungking,  and  Luchow,  Szechwan,  March,  April,  and  October. 

AEGIALITIS  ALEXANDRINA  (Linne"). 

One  female,  in  winter  plumage,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  October  10,  1907. 
This  is,  of  course,  Ae.  alexandrina  dealbata  (Swinhoe)  if  that  race  is  recogniz- 
able, which  does  not  seem  to  be  the  case. 

IBIDORHYNCHUS  STRUTHERSI  Vigors. 

Five  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Yachow,  Chiachianghsien,  and  Shuow- 
low,  western  Szechwan,  summer,  and  autumn. 

TOTANUS   ERYTHROPUS    (Pallas). 

Four  females,  Ichang,  Changkow,  Hupeh,  October,  and  February. 

HELODROMAS  OCHROPUS  (Linne"). 

Twenty-four  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Ichanghsien,  and  Changhsien, 
Hupeh,  and  Luchow,  Washan,  Dar-chi-kwan,  Omeihsien,  and  Kiating,  Szechwan, 
all  seasons.  May  5  is  the  latest  date  in  spring  on  which  a  Green  sandpiper 
was  taken  and  July  8  is  the  earliest  summer  date. 

ACTITIS  HYPOLEUCUS  (Linn4). 

Seven  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  and  Omeihsien,  Chiachiangh- 
sien, and  Shuowlow,  Szechwan,  autumn,  and  spring. 


148  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

GLOTTIS  NEBULARIUS  (Gunnerus). 

Seven  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  and  Changkow,  Hupeh,  and  Elating, 
and  Chiachianghsien,  Szechwan,  autumn,  and  winter. 

RHYACOPHILUS  GLAREOLA  (Gmelin). 
One  adult  female,  Yachiakun,  western  Szechwan,  13,000  feet,  July  14,  1908. 

PISOBIA  DAMACENSIS  (Horsfield). 
One  male,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  October  22,  1907. 

PISOBIA  TEMMINCKI  (Leisler). 
Three  females,   Ichang,   Hupeh,   and   Luchow,   central   Szechwan,   April. 

PELIDNA  ALPINA  SAKHALINA  (Vieillot). 
Two  females,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  October. 

GALLINAGO  STENURA  (Ruhl). 

Twelve  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  August,  September,  and 
April. 

GALLINAGO  MEGALA  Swinhoe. 
Ten  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  August,  and  April. 

GALLINAGO  GALLINAGO  (Linne). 

Eleven  specimens,   Ichang,   Hupeh,   September,   November,   March,   and 
April. 

SCOLOPAX  RUSTICULA  Linne". 

Fourteen  specimens  both  sexes  Ichang,  Ituhsien,  Nochaping,  and  Kwangpow, 
Hupeh,  and  Kiatung,  and  Chichiang,  Szechwan,  autumn,  winter,  and  spring. 

ROSTRATTJLA  CAPENSis  (Linne'). 
Nine  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  September,  and  October. 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  149 

CURSORIIDAE. 
GLAREOLA  MALDIVARUM  (Forster). 

Twenty-six  specimens,  both  sexes,  Kiating,  Nichichang,  Suifu,  and  Kung- 
yahsien,  Szechwan.  All  taken  early  in  May,  except  one  pair  shot  at  Kungyah- 
sien,  June  21,  1908.  The  lateness  of  this  date  indicates  that  the  bird  breeds  in 
this  region. 

ARDEIDAE. 

ARDEA  CINEREA  JOUYI  Clark. 

\ 

Twenty-one  specimens,  young  and  adult  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hupeh, 
and  Tachienlu,  Chiachianghsien,  and  Chungchowhsien,  Szechwan,  all  seasons. 
From  a  large  colony  that  was  nesting  in  a  grove  surrounding  a  temple  at 
Chungchowhsien  Mr.  Zappey  secured  on  April  5,  1908,  a  fine  series  of  birds  in 
full  nuptial  plumage. 

On  comparing  this  large  series  with  a  number  of  skins  from  Europe,  the  pale 
colors  of  the  eastern  bird  stand  out  in  marked  contrast  and  the  race  is  easily 
recognizable. 

MESOPHOYX  INTERMEDIA  (Wagler). 

One  male,  in  winter  plumage  without  plumes  and  with  a  black  tip  to  the 
bill,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  October  9,  1907. 

HERODIAS  ALBA  (Linne"). 

One  adult  male,  M.  C.  Z.  No.  52976,  with  the  dorsal  plumes  fully  developed, 
but  with  a  yellow  bill,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  February  24,  1909. 

From  the  large  size  of  this  specimen  (surpassing  most  European  skins)  it 
seems  impossible  to  refer  it  to  N.  timoriensis  (Lesson),  although  it  has  light 
colored  tibiae  and  a  yellow  bill  at  a  time  when  the  dorsal  plumes  are  developed. 
It  is  of  course  possible  that  the  dorsal  plumes  were  carried  over  from  the  last 
breeding  season,  and  that  the  bill  would  change  to  black. 

The  measurements  are: — wing,  448.;  tail  175;  tarsus,  198.;  culmen,  138. 

GARZETTA  GARZETTA  (Linn6). 

Nine  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Chichiang,  Minchihsien,  Yachow, 
and  Kungyahsien,  Szechwan,  June,  October,  November,  and  December. 


150  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

NYCTICORAX  NYCTICORAX  NYCTICORAX  (Linne"). 

• 
Nine  specimens,  young  and  adults,  both  sexes,  Hupeh  and  Changshowhsien, 

eastern  Szechwan,  spring,  and  summer. 

BUTORIDES   JAVANICA    JAVANICA    (Horsfield). 

• 

Three  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hochiaping,  and  Yangchia- 

tamiao,  Hupeh,  spring,  and  summer. 

. 

ORDEOLA  BACCHUS  (Bonaparte). 

Seventeen  specimens,  young  and  adults  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  and  Hungtze- 
kow,  Hupeh,  and  Omeihsien,  and  Chiachianghsien,  western  Szechwan,  spring, 
summer,  and  autumn. 

BTJBULCTJS  COROMANDUS  (Boddaert). 

Eleven  specimens,  young  and  adults  of  both  sexes,  Hungyahsien,  and 
Omeihsien,  western  Szechwan,  summer,  and  autumn. 

IXOBRYCHUS  SINENSIS  (Gmelin). 
Two  males,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  September,  and  October. 

NANNOCNUS  EURYTHMTJS  (Swinhoe). 

Eighteen  specimens,  young  and  adults  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  and 
Washan,  and  Omeihsien,  western  Szechwan,  summer,  and  autumn. 

DUPETOR  FLAVICOLLIS  (Latham). 
One  young  female  Ichang,  Hupeh,  October  3,  1907. 

BOTAURUS  STELLARIS  (Linne"). 

Seven  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Kunganhsien,  Hupeh,  and  Chang- 
showhsien, Szechwan,  autumn,  and  winter. 

These  specimens  show  as  is  usually  the  case  in  a  series  of  skins  of  the  bittern, 
that  there  is  considerable  variation  in  size  and  that  while  the  females  are  smaller 
than  the  males,  individual  variation  is  still  very  great. 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  151 

ANATIDAE. 

MELANONYX  SEGETUM  SERRIROSTRIS  (Swinhoe). 

Three  specimens,  all  youngish,  one  male  and  two  females,  Shasi,  Hupeh, 
and  Changshowhsien,  Szechwan,  February. 

Immense  numbers  of  geese  were  seen  in  the  low  country  but  they  were 
extremely  wary,  and  a  rifle  could  not  be  used  on  account  of  the  dense  popula- 
tion. Other  species,  as  well  as  swans,  were  seen. 

ANAS   PLATYRHYNCHOS  Linn6. 

Sixteen  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Kunganhsien,  Hsienshanhsien, 
Hupeh,  and  Kiating,  Washan,  Kungyahsien,  Chiachianghsien,  and  Yachow, 
Szechwan,  taken  throughout  the  winter,  November  to  March. 

POLIONETTA   ZONORHYNCHA    (Swinhoe). 

Eleven  specimens,  both  sexes  Kiating,  Kungyahsien,  Chiachiang,  and 
Yachow,  western  Szechwan,  all  taken  in  December. 

MARCEA  PENELOPE  (LinnS). 

Two  males,  one  in  immature  the  other  in  full  adult  plumage,  Kiating,  and 
Washan,  western  Szechwan,  October,  and  December.        ' 

NETTION  FORMOSUM  (Georgi). 
One  adult  female,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  November  26,  1907. 

NETTION  CRECCA  (Linne"). 

Twenty-one  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Changyanghsien,  Shasi,  and 
Yangtze  near  Shasi,  Hupeh,  and  Yachow,  Kiating,  Kungyahsien,  and  Washan, 
Szechwan,  taken  throughout  the  winter  from  October  to  March. 

DAFILA  ACUTA  (Linn6). 
One  female,  Washan,  western  Szechwan,  6,000  feet,  October  25,  1908. 

QUERQUEDULA  QUERQUEDULA  (Linne"). 

Five  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  and  Washan,  western  Szechwan, 
October. 


152  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

Many  of  the  Anatidae  taken  by  Mr.  Zappey  are  more  or  less  colored  a 
rusty  red  on  the  underparts;  this  is  due  to  some  extraneous  stain  obtained  from 
the  water  and  while  all  the  specimens  taken  near  Ichang  are  comparatively 
free  from  discoloration  all  those  taken  in  small  streams  and  ponds  at  higher  alti- 
tudes are  similarly  discolored. 

NETTA  RUFINA  (Pallas). 

One  very  fine  adult  male  in  full  plumage,  Kiating,  western  Szechwan, 
November  22,  1908. 

MARILA  FERINA  (Linne'). 
One  adult  male,  Kiating,  western  Szechwan,  November  22,  1908. 

MARILA  FULIGULA  (Linn6). 

Four  males,  none  in  full  adult  plumage,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  and  Kiating,  west- 
ern Szechwan,  November. 

CLANGULA  CLANGULA  CLANGULA  (Linn6). 
One  adult  male,  Yachow,  western  Szechwan,  December  5,  1908. 

MERGELLUS  ALBELLUS  (Linne"). 

« 

Two  specimens,  male  and  female,  the  male  in  eclipse  plumage  similar  to 
that  of  the  female,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  November,  and  December. 

MERGUS  MERGANSER  MERGANSER  Linne". 

Four  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  and  Kiating,  Szechwan, 
December,  and  January. 

It  is  of  course  problematical  where  these  birds  were  bred  and  they  perhaps 
should  all  be  referred  to  M.  m.  comatus,  rather  than  to  M.  m.  merganser,  all 
being  smaller  than  European  specimens.  In  the  slight  color  differences,  and 
the  character  of  the  crest  of  the  male,  they  are  more  or  less  intermediate  though 
on  the  whole  nearer  to  true  M.  m.  merganser. 

MERGUS  MERGANSER  COMATUS  (Salvadori). 

Two  specimens,  male  and  female  adult,  Kungyahsien,  western  Szechwan, 
December  6,  1908. 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  153 

These  skins  are  certainly  referable  to  this  subspecies;   both  are  small  and 
show  all  the  characters  of  the  Himalayan  goosander. 
They  afford  the  following  measurements:— 

No.  52943,  adult  <?,  wing,  269;  culmen,  54;  tarsus,  45. 

No.  52944,  adult  9,  wing,  253;  culmen,  46;  tarsus,  41. 

MERGUS  SQUAMATUS  Gould. 

Six  specimens,  two  adult  males,  three  adult  females  and  one  young  male. 
Ichang,  Hupeh,  and  Yachow,  Kiating,  and  Kungyahsien,  Szechwan,  November 
and  December.  The  young  male  has  the  sides,  lower  back,  and  rump  as  in  the 
adult,  except  that  the  squamatulations  are  not  so  black  or  so  pronounced;  the 
upper  back  is  gray  and  the  head  is  rusty,  like  that  of  the  female,  but  paler  and 
with  no  white  on  the  throat;  the  crest,  however,  is  nearly  as  long  as  in  the 
adult. 

This  Merganser  has  been  a  very  rare  bird  in  collections;  and  for  a  long  time 
was  known  only  from  the  type,  an  immature  male.  Ogilvie-Grant,  recently 
described,  and  figured  for  the  first  time,  the  adult  male  and  female  (Ibis,  1900, 
ser.  7,  6,  p.  602,  pi.  12). 

PHALACROCORACIDAE. 

PHALACROCORAX  CARBO  (Linne). 

Five  specimens,  adults  in  non-breeding  plumage  and  one  young  female, 
Kiating,  and  Yachow,  western  Szechwan,  December. 

These  skins  belong  to  the  smaller,  small-billed  oriental  race,  which  if  recog- 
nized would  probably  bear  the  name,  Phalacrocorax  carbo  sinensis  Shaw  and 
Nodd;  the  series  of  skins  we  have  examined  is  not  sufficient  in  numbers  or  in 
the  range  of  the  species  to  enable  us  to  decide;  Indian  and  Chinese  birds  are  how- 
ever noticeably  small. 

FALCONIDAE. 

CIRCUS  CYANEUS  (Linne"). 

Four  specimens,  two  adult  males,  one  female  and  one  young  male,  Ichang, 
Ichanghsien,  Changkowhsien,  and  Ituhsien,  Hupeh,  winter  (November  20  to 
February  18). 

CIRCUS  SPILONOTUS  Kaup. 

One  male,  not  fully  adult,  Shihtowya,  Hupeh,  April  18,  1907. 


154  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

ASTUR   PALUMBARIUS   KHAMENSIS   Bianchi. 

Two  specimens,  male  and  female  both  in  immature  plumage,  Ichang, 
Hupeh,  November  20,  1907,  and  Ramala  Pass,  western  Szechwan,  13,500  feet, 
August  11,  1908. 

We  are  not  positive  that  birds  in  immature  plumage  can  be  distinguished 
from  the  young  of  true  A.  palumbarius ;  our  skin  from  the  Ramala  Pass  is,  on 
geographical  grounds,  khamensis,  and  the  female  in  similar  plumage,  from 
Ichang,  agrees  exactly  with  it,  so  that  we  refer  both  to  the  same  form.  An 
additional  reason  for  doing  so  is  that  the  sparrow  hawk  of  our  region  (also 
originally  described  by  Bianchi  from  eastern  Tibet)  ranges  east  to  Ichang. 

ASTUR  SOLOENSIS  (Latham). 

Two  males,  one  adult,  one  immature,  Ichang,  and  Ichanghsien,  Hupeh, 
June  10,  and  August  26,  1907. 

If  A.  soloensis  and  A.  cuculoides  (Temminck)  are  distinct  and  not  individual 
extremes  of  coloration  of  one  species  then  the  adult  male  before  us  is  an  inter- 
mediate, about  as  well  referred  to  one  as  to  the  other. 

ACCIPITER  NISUS  LODYGINI  Bianchi. 

Eighteen  specimens,  young  and  adults  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  and  Chang- 
yanghsien,  Hupeh,  and  Washan,  Kiating,  Nichichang,  Kungyahsien,  and  Dar- 
chi-kwan,  western  Szechwan,  all  seasons. 

While  our  skins  agree  exactly  with  Bianchi's  description,  we  have  not  been 
able  to  examine  a  specimen  of  A.  melanoschistus  Hume,  and  Bianchi  makes  no 
mention  of  that  form,  which  by  description  would  seem  to  be  very  similar  to 
the  Tibetan-central  China  sparrow  hawk. 

It  is  not  easy  to  separate  young  birds  of  this  subspecies  from  true  A.  nisus 
in  corresponding  stages  of  plumage,  but  there  is  no  difficulty  whatever  in  dis- 
tinguishing adult  males;  the  dark  slaty  black  back  and  preponderance  of  rufous 
on  the  underparts  is  very  different  from  the  gray  back  and  pale  underparts  of 
A.  nisus  nism. 

Birds  killed  in  the  neighborhood  of  Ichang  are  quite  as  extreme  as  those 
from  western  Szechwan  which  is  in  the  same  general  faunal  region  as  Kham, 
Tibet,  the  type  locality;  the  subspecies  thus  has  a  wide  range.  Specimens  from 
near  Pekin  are  very  pale  and  quite  different  from  the  bird  of  our  region. 

As  illustrative  of  the  fierceness  of  this  little  hawk,  Mr.  Zappey  states  that 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  155 

on  February  3,  1909  at  Changyanghsien,  he  wounded  a  Golden  pheasant,  when 
immediately  an  adult  male  sparrow  hawk  dashed  upon  it,  killed,  and  began 
devouring  it. 

ACCIPITER  GULARIS  (Temminck  &  Schlegel). 
One  immature  female,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  September  15,  1907. 

BUTEO  BUTEO   PLUMIPES   (Hodgson). 

Five  specimens  both  sexes,  only  one  male  in  uniform  chocolate-brown 
plumage  (the  fully  adult  dress?).  Ichang,  and  Changkowhsien,  Hupeh,  and 
Washan,  Szechwan,  winter,  and  spring. 

GYPAETUS  BARBATTJS  (Linn6). 

One  male,  Ichang,  November  20,  1907.  The  Lammergeier  was  not  uncom- 
mon, but  it  was  almost  impossible  to  kill  one  with  a  charge  of  shot,  and  to  use 
a  rifle  was  generally  out  of  the  question. 

• 

MILVUS  MELANOTIS  Temminck  &  Schlegel. 

Seven  specimens,  young  and  adults,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  and  Changyang- 
hsien, Hupeh,  and  Minchihsien,  Washan,  and  Kiating,  Szechwan,  autumn,  and 
winter. 

FALCO  PEREGRINUS  ATRICEPS  Hume. 

Two  specimens,  an  adult  female,  Wushanhsien,  eastern  Szechwan,  March  26, 
and  an  immature  male  Ichang,  Hupeh,  June  28. 

FALCO  AESALON  Turnstall. 
One  immature  male,  Ichanghsien,  Hupeh,  February  10,  1909. 

CERCHNEIS  SATURATA  (Blyth). 

Six  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes  and  immature  males,  Ichang,  Hupeh, 
and  Wushanhsien,  and  Washan,  Szechwan,  autumn,  and  spring. 

STRIGIDAE. 

Asio  OTUS  (Linne"). 

Two  specimens,  both  males,  Ichanghsien,  and  Changyanghsien,  Hupeh, 
November  16,  1907,  and  March  14,  1908. 


156  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

Asio  FLAMMEUS  (Pontoppidan) . 

Three  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  and  Shasi,  Hupeh,  February  5,  and 
May  1. 

BUBO  BUBO  SETSCHUANUS  Reichenow. 
One  female,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  October  23,  1907. 

OTUS  SEMITORQUES  PLUMiPES  (Hume). 

Two  adults,  male  and  female,  Hsienshan,  and  Changyanghsien,  Hupeh, 
June  4,  1907,  and  January  29,  1909. 

These  specimens  have  feathered  toes,  and  seem  to  agree  in  every  way  with 
the  descriptions  of  the  Himalayan  form  of  the  Japanese  Otus  semitorques.  How- 
ever we  have  seen  no  Himalayan  specimens. 

Our  d",  No.  53060,  M.  C.  Z.  has  the  wing,  163.  mm.  long,  and  the  9 ,  No. 
53061,  M.  C.  Z.  has  the  wing,  177.  mm.  long. 

STRIX  NIVICOLA  (Hodgson). 
One  adult  male,  Washan,  western  Szechwan,  8,000  feet,  November  1,  1908. 

STRIX  DAVIDI  (Sharpe). 
One  adult   9 ,  Shuowlow,  western  Szechwan,  14,000  feet,  August  19,  1908. 

GLAUCIDIUM  WHITELYI  (Swinhoe). 

Twenty-one  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Kwatzeling,  Changyanghsien, 
and  Ituhsien,  Hupeh,  and  Chiachianghsien,  Omeihsien,  Kiating,  Luchow, 
Kungyahsien,  and  Yachow,  Szechwan,  all  seasons. 

PSITTACIDAE. 

PALAEORNIS  DERBYANA  SALVADORII  Oustalet. 

Seven  specimens,  two  adult  males,  two  adult  females,  and  three  young 
males,  Nachuka,  western  Szechwan,  10,000  to  12,000  feet,  August,  1908. 

This  parrot  is  apparently  rare  and  local.  Mr.  Zappey  found  it,  in  small 
numbers,  only,  at  one  or  two  places,  where  he  was  so  unfortunate  as  to  lose 
several  fine  adults,  that  when  shot  fell  over  cliffs  into  inaccessible  ravines. 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  157 

The  differences  in  color  that  were  at  one  time  (see  Ogilvie-Grant,  Ibis, 
1900,  ser.  7,  6,  p.  600)  thought  to  distinguish  P.  derbyana  Fraser  from  P.  sal- 
vadorii  Oustalet  are  sexual,  males  have  bright  red  upper  mandibles,  no  brownish 
mark  across  the  neck,  and  lavender-blue  underparts;  females  have  black 
upper  mandibles,  a  brownish  purple  marking  crossing  the  side  of  the  neck,  and 
lavender-lilac  underparts. 

Young  males  have  red  bills,  the  inner  edges  of  their  primaries  are  yellow- 
ish green,  their  tails  are  short  and  their  underparts,  crowns,  and  under  wing- 
coverts  are  mostly  green. 

Rothschild  (Bull.  B.  O.  C.,  1899,  8,  p.  Ivi)  considers  it  best  until  the 
original  locality  of  P.  derbyana  is  known  to  recognize  P.  salvadorii  as  a  sub- 
species on  account  of  its  apparently  smaller  size.  Our  two  adult  males  have 
the  wing  216  and  218  mm.  and  the  two  adult  females,  210  and  213  mm. 

CORACIIDAE. 

EURYSTOMUS  CALONYX  Sharpe. 
Five  adults,  both  sexes,  Fangshen,  and  Shuiyuehtze,  Hupeh,  May. 

ALCEDINIDAE. 

CERYLE  LUGUBRIS  GUTTULATA  Stejneger. 

Nine  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Changyanghsien,  and  Hsien- 
shanhsien,  Hupeh,  and  Hungyahsien,  Szechwan,  autumn,  and  winter. 

ALCEDO  ISPIDA  BENGALENSIS  (Gmelin). 

Twenty-three  specimens,  both  sexes-,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  and  Kiating,  and 
Luchow,  Szechwan,  all  seasons. 

HALCYON  PILEATUS  (Boddaert). 

Five  adults,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Ichanghsien,  Yangchiatamiao,  and  Hsien- 
shanshan,  Hupeh,  May,  June,  September,  and  October. 

UPUPIDAE. 

UPUPA  EPOPS  SATURATUS  Lonnberg. 

Twelve  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  and  Shuowlow,  Foochow, 
Nachuka,  and  Tongolow,  Szechwan.  Taken  in  January,  February,  March, 


158  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

April,  and  August.  It  is  thus  not  certain  that  any  of  these  were  birds  that 
would  breed  in  the  region.  All  are  referable  to  this  lately  described  form, 
the  best  character  of  which,  as  compared  with  European  skins  is  the  conspicu- 
ously darker  interscapular  region. 

CAPRIMULGID.E. 

CAPKIMULGUS  INDICUS  JOTAKA  Temminck  &  Schlegel. 

One  young  male  (in  plumage  not  unlike  that  of  the  adult  female),  Ichang, 
Hupeh,  September  13,  1907. 

MICROPODIDAE. 
COLLOCALIA  INOPINA  iNOPiNA  Thayer  &  Bangs. 

The  type  from  Mafuling,  Hupeh,  taken  June  1,  1907,  was  the  only  example 
of  this  form  secured;  others,  however,  were  seen  in  the  same  general  region. 

COLLOCALIA  INOPINA  PELLOS,  sub.  sp.  nov. 

Type:— No.  52131  M.  C.  Z.  adult  d%  Western  Szechwan:  Washan,  6,000 
feet,  May  31,  1908.  W.  R.  Zappey. 

Characters: — Similar  to  true  C.  inapina  from  Hupeh,  and  of  the  same  size, 
but  upper  surface  darker,  more  sooty,  less  brownish,  and  more  uniform, —  the 
rump  scarcely  paler  than  the  back. 

Measurements: — Type,  adult  male,  wing,  135;  tail,  59;  tarsus,  11.5; 
culmen,  5.  Topotype,  adult  9,  No.  52125,  wing,  134;  tail,  60;  tarsus,  12; 
culmen,  5. 

Remarks: — Thirteen  specimens  of  this  form  were  secured  at  Chungchow- 
hsien,  and  Washan,  Szechwan,  where  it  was  fairly  common,  in  April  and  May. 
It  appears  to  be  easily  distinguished  from  its  more  eastern  representative,  true 
C.  inopina,  by  its  much  darker,  more  sooty,  and  uniformly  colored  back, 
without  paler  rump. 

COLLOCALIA  FUCIPHAGA  CAPNITIS  Thayer  &  Bangs. 

Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  May,  1909,  52,  p.  139. 

One  adult  male,  the  type,  Wantaoshan,  Hupeh,  June  5,  1907.  But  one 
specimen  of  this  much  smaller  bird  (the  wing  10  mm.  shorter  than  in  C.  inopina) 
was  taken. 


.  THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  159 

CHAETURA  CAUDACUTA  (Latham). 
One  male,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  October  19,  1907. 

CHAETURA  NUDIPES  Hodgson. 

Two  adult  males  in  full  spring  plumage,  Hokow,  western  Szechwan,  May  4, 
1908. 

APUS  PACIFICUS  (Latham). 

Thirteen  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Waszekow,  Wuyaling,  and  Tach- 
ienlu,  western  Szechwan,  summer,  and  autumn. 

CUCULIDAE. 

HlEROCOCCYX  SPARVEROIDES  (Vigors). 

Two  adult  males,  Luchow,  and  Hochinghsien,  Szechwan,  April,  1908. 

CUCULUS   MICROPTERUS   MICROPTERUS   Gould. 

One  male,  not  quite  adult,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  July  19,  1907. 

CUCULUS  CANORUS  TELEPHC-Nus  Heine. 

Ten  specimens,  young  and  adults  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Fanghsien,  and 
Hsientientze,  Hupeh,  and  Washan,  Szechwan,  spring,  summer,  and  autumn. 

CUCULTJS  OPTATUS  Gould. 

Three  specimens,  females  —  two  adults  and  one  young.     Tachienlu,  western 
Szechwan,  July,  and  August,  1908. 

CUCULUS   INTERMEDIUS   INTERMEDIUS   Vahl. 

Four  adults,  both  sexes,  Washan,  and  Tachienlu,  western  Szechwan,  May, 

June,  and  July. 

CHALCOCOCCYX  MACULA TUS  (Gmelin). 

Three  adult  males,  Hsienshanhsien,  and  Hsientientze,  Hupeh,  May,  and 

June. 

EUDYNAMIS  HONORATA  (Linn6). 

Four   adults,    both    sexes,    Ichanghsien,    Hsienshanshan,  and    Hsienshan, 
Hupeh,  and  Chiachianghsien,  western  Szechwan,  May,  and  June. 


160  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

PICIDAE. 

Picus  CANUS  GUERINI  (Malherbe) . 

Thirty-six  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Ichanghsien,  Changyanghsien, 
Hochaping,  Yangtze  near  Shasi,  Kunganhsien,  Ituhsien,  Putze,  Hsienshan, 
Omeihsien,  Shaiyiiehtze,  and  Hsienshanhsien,  Hupeh,  and  Cheto,  western 
Szechwan,  all  seasons. 

Not  one  of  these  numerous  skins ,  can  be  referred  to  Picus  occipitalis  (Vigors)" 
though  many  approach  it.  Two  skins  from  Cheto,  for  instance  that  on  geo- 
graphic grounds  might  be  expected  to  be  occipitalis  have  the  completely  barred 
tail  of  guerini,  but  they  also  have  almost  wholly  black  bills,  the  yellowish 
green  of  the  lower  mandible,  so  conspicuous  in  P.  guerini,  being  restricted 
to  a  small  spot  near  the  base.  Other  specimens  from  Hupeh,  occasionally 
show  almost  wholly  black  tails,  but  invariably  have  the  yellowish  lower  man- 
dible; and  there  is  not  one  in  the  series  that  combines  the  black  unbarred  tail 
with  the  black  bill. 

HYPOPICUS  HYPERYTHRUS  suBRUFiNus  (Cabanis  &  Heine). 

Two  adults,  male  and  female,  Tachienlu,  July  7,  1908,  and  Nochiang- 
hsien,  Szechwan,  April  23,  1908.  • 

This  species  is  very  rare  in  the  region  under  consideration;  one  other 
individual  was  shot  but  not  secured. 

DRYOBATES  CABANISI  CABANISI  (Malherbe). 

Thirty-six  specimens,  young  and  adults  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hsienshan- 
hsien, Chiliping,  Shihtowya,  Changkowhsien,  Ituhsien,  Changyanghsien,  and 
Ichanghsien,  Hupeh,  and  Wulungshih,  Shuowlow,  and  the  Ramala  Pass,  Sze- 
chwan, all  seasons.  No  variation  in  any  way  correlated  to  altitude  or  locality 
in  this  large  series  can  be  traced;  skins  from  Ichang  being,  on  the  whole, 
similar  to  those  from  western  Szechwan  at  15,000  feet.  Individual  variation 
in  the  color  of  the  under  parts,  the  color  and  width  of  the  frontal  band,  the  in- 
tensity of  the  red  of  the  belly  and  under  tail-coverts,  and  other  minor  points, 
is  very  great.  The  white  marking,  on  the  inner  secondaries  also  varies  some- 
what. 

DRYOBATES  PERNYI  PERNYI  (Verreaux). 

Two  adults,  a  male  taken  at  Changyanghsien,  Hupeh,  January  24,  1909, 
and  a  female  shot  at  Wantaoshan,  Hupeh,  June  5,  1907. 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  161 

Styan  (Ibis),  has  already  commented  on  the  great  rarity  of  this  species, 
to  which  we  can  only  add  Mr.  Zappey's  experience,  who  in  two  years  of  active 
field  work  saw  but  these  two  individuals. 

PICOIDES  FUNEBRIS  Verreaux. 

One  male,  Shuowlow,  western  Szechwan,   14,500  feet,  August  23,   1908. 

This  bird,  a  young  male  of  the  year,  was  moulting  from  the  nestling  plum- 
age, to  that  of  the  adult. 

During  his  whole  stay  in  western  Szechwan  Mr.  Zappey  had  hunted  the 
high  coniferous  forest  for  this  species,  but  until  the  above  mentioned  date  his 
efforts  were  fruitless.  On  August  23,  however,  the  pounding  of  a  woodpecker 
in  the  dense  firs  attracted  his  attention  and  later  he  discovered  two  three-toed 
woodpeckers.  Although  Mr.  Zappey  waited  a  long  time  that  both  might  be 
secured  at  one  shot  he  was  obliged  to  select  one;  thorough  search  failed  to  re- 
discover the  second. 

YlJNGIPICUS   SCINTILLICEPS   SCINTILLICEPS    (Swhlhoe). 

Twenty-nine  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hsientientze,  Hsienshanhsien, 
Kwatzeling,  Shihtowya,  and  Changyanghsien,  Hupeh,  all  seasons. 

PlCUMNUS   INNOMINATUS   CHINENSIS    (Hargitt). 

One  adult  female,  Changyanghsien,  Hupeh,  November  13,  1907. 

HIRUNDINIDAE.' 

HlRTJNDO   URBICA   CASHMERIENSIS    (Gould). 

Twenty-one  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Washan,  and  Tsaikow,  western 
Szechwan,  summer. 

RIPARIA  RIPARIA  (Linne"). 

Two  specimens,  a  male  taken  at  Juchi,  Szechwan,  April  20,  1908,  and  a 
female  from  Washan,  Szechwan  May  30,  1908.  Probably  both  these  birds 
were  migrants,  the  one  killed  May  30,  being  in  company  with  a  number  of 
migrating  Chelidon  tytleri. 

RIPARIA  FOLKIENENSIS  LaTouche. 

Thirteen  specimens,  young  and  adults  of  both  sexes  Ichang,  Hupeh,  and 
Changshowhsien,  Wanhsien,  Luchow,  and  Foochow,  eastern  Szechwan,  spring, 


162  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

summer,  and  autumn.  This  very  distinct  species,  easily  separated  from  R. 
riparia  by  its  small  size,  pale  coloring,  and  short  tail,  seems  to  be  the  breeding 
form  of  Hupeh  and  eastern  Szechwan.  The  eggs  must  occasionally  be  laid  very 
early  in  the  season,  as  Mr.  Zappey  took  one  nearly  full  grown  young  bird  on 
the  wing  at  Wanhsien  April  2.  Others  of  about  the  same  size  and  in  similar 
plumage  were  secured  at  Ichang  on  June  18. 

RIPARIA  RXJPESTRIS  (Scopoli). 
Three  adult  males,  Waliangping,  and  Waszekow,  western  Szechwan,  October. 

CHELIDON  RUSTICA  GUTTURALIS  (Scopoli). 

Twenty-one  specimens  young  and  adult  of  both  sexes  Ichang,  Hupeh,  and 
Foochow,  Luchow,  Changyanghsien,  Juchi,  Chiangchinghsien,  and  Hochiang- 
hsien,  Szechwan,  spring,  and  summer. 

CHELIDON  TYTLERI  (Jerdon). 

Five  adults,  both  sexes,  Washan,  Szechwan,  May  30,  1908.  This  species 
was  seen  on  this  one  occasion  only.  They  were  part  of  a  migrating  flock  and 
were  feeding  throughout  a  valley  (6,000  feet) ;  they  had  disappeared  the  following 

day. 

CHELIDON  DAURICA  NIPALENSIS  (Hodgson). 

Twenty-three  specimens,  young  and  adult,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  and 
Luchow,  Chinchihsien,  and  Lochichen,  Szechwan,  spring,  summer,  and  autumn. 

MUSCICAPIDAE. 

HEMICHELIDON  SIBIRICA  Gmelin. 
One  adult  male,  Ichang,  October  10,  1907. 

HEMICHELIDON  FULIGINOSA  Hodgson. 

Five  specimens,  adult  male  and  female,  and  three  young  in  nestling  plumage, 
western  Szechwan,  August  10-18,  1908:  Nachuka,  11,000  feet,  Shuowlow, 
12,500  feet,  and  Ramala  Pass,  12,000  feet. 

ARIZELOMYIA  LATIROS  TRIS  (Raffles). 
One  adult  male,  Pootung,  Hupeh,  May  20,  1907. 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  163 

SlPHIA   ALBICILLA    (Pallas). 

Five  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  and  Mafuling,  Hupeh,  and  Omeihsien, 
Szechwan,  May,  and  October. 

SlPHIA   STROPHIATA   HodgSOH. 

Two  males,  Lianghokow,  western  Szechwan,  12,000  feet,  September. 
In  one  of  these,  in  fully  adult  plumage,  the  usual  crescent  of  rufous  on  the  chest 
is  replaced  with  feathers  with  white  bases.  This  specimen  is  probably  abnormal. 

CYORNIS  TICKELLIAE  GLAUCICOMANS  Thayer  &  Bangs. 

Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  May,  1909,  62,  p.  141. 

Two  adult  males,  one,  the  type,  from  Tanshuiya,  Hupeh,  May  7,  1907,  the 
other  from  Hsienshan,  Hupeh,  June  4,  1907. 

DlGENEA   LEUCOMELANURA   CERVINIVENTRIS   Sharpe. 

One  male,  Washan,  June  3,  1908.  This  was  one  of  a  pair  that  was  evi- 
dently nesting  among  the  moss-covered  rocks  of  the  mountain  side;  Mr.  Zappey 
was  unable  to  find  the  nest. 

NILTAVA  LYCHNIS  Thayer  &  Bangs. 
Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  May,  1909,  52,  p.  141. 

Plate  3,  fig.  2. 

The  type,  an  adult  male  taken  at  Patung,  Hupeh,  May  19,  1907,  was  the 
only  example  seen  during  the  trip. 

PALIOMYIAS  HODGSON:  (Verreaux). 

Three  adult  males,  Nachuka,  Wulungshih,  and  Ramala  Pass,  western 
Szechwan,  12,000  to  15,000  feet,  August. 

XANTHOPYGIA  XANTHOPYGIA  (A.  Hay). 

Four  specimens,  two  adult  males,  an  adult  female  and  one  male  in  the  spotted 
nestling  plumage,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  and  Kungyahsien,  Szechwan,  June,  and  July. 

CYANOPTILA  CUMATILIS  Thayer  &  Bangs. 

Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  May,  1909,  62,  p.  141. 

Eight  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Mafuling,  Hsientientze,  and  Fang- 
shen,  Hupeh,  May,  and  June. 


164  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

This  very  distinct  species,  is  quite  different  from  C.  bella  (A.  Hay)  of  Japan 
and  Corea;  where  found  it  was  not  an  uncommon  breeding  bird,  though  proba- 
bly very  local  in  its  distribution. 

TARSIGER  CHRYSAEUS  Hodgson. 

Five  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes  and  young,  Washan,  Yachiakun, 
Tachiao,  and  Lianghokow,  western  Szechwan  at  altitudes,  ranging  from 
10,000  to  12,000  feet,  June,  July,  and  September. 

TCHITREA   INCEI    (Gould). 

Twenty-two  specimens,  adults  and  young  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Ichang- 
hsien,  Hsienshan,  and  Suichanping,  Hupeh,  and  Omeihsien,  Szechwan,  May  to 
October. 

Of  the  old  males  with  very  long  tails  two  are  pied,  maroon  and  white;  the 
plumage  of  about  half  of  the  others  is  in  the  white  phase,  the  remainder  in  the 
maroon  phase. 

CULICICAPA  CEYLONENSIS  (Swainson): 

Five  specimens,  four  adults  of  both  sexes  and  one  nestling,  Tanshuiya, 
Hupeh,  and  Chungchowhsien,  Luluping,  and  Minchihsien,  Szechwan,  April, 
May,  and  June. 

CRYPTALOPHA  BURKII  VALENTINI  Hartert. 

Eight  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Hsientientze,  Mafuling,  Chetzekow, 
Hsienshan,  and  Hsienyuehtze,  Hupeh,  May,  and  June. 

The  color  characters  attributed  this  form  by  its  describer  do  not  hold  in 
our  series  —  some  breeding  males  having  the  head-stripes  pure  gray,  while 
with  others  there  is  considerable  olive-green  mixed  with  the  gray.  The  wing, 
however,  is  much  shorter  than  in  C.  burkii  iephrocephala  of  the  west  —  in  six 
adult  males  varying  from  55  to  57  mm.  in  length. 

CRYPTO LOPHA  BURKII  TEPHROCEPHALA  (Anderson). 

One  adult  male,  Ramala  Pass,  western  Szechwan,  12,000  feet,  August  26. 
This  specimen  has  the  wing  62  mm.  in  length. 

CRYPTOLOPHA  SINENSIS  Rickett. 
One  adult  male,  Hsientientze,  Hupeh,  June  3,  1907. 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  165 

ABRORNIS  FULVIFACIES  Swinhoe. 

Nine  adults,  both  sexes,  Kiating,  Nanchihsien,  and  Chiangchinghsien, 
Szechwan,  April,  November,  and  December. 

EUMYIAS   MELANOPS    (Vigors). 

Five  adults,  both  sexes,  Mafuling,  and  Hsientientze,  Hupeh,  and  Chin- 
shihsien,  Szechwan,  May,  and  June. 

CAMPEPHAGIDAE. 

VOLVOCIVORA   MELANOPTERA    (Ruppell). 

Thirteen  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  and  one  young  female  in  spotted 
plumage,  Ichang,  Mafuling,  Peiyangsze,  Hsienshan,  and  Shinshenshan,  Hupeh, 
May,  June,  and  July. 

PERICROCOTUS  BREVIROSTRIS  (Vigors). 

Seven  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Hsienshan,  Chetzekow,  Wansonshan, 
and  Showlungtu,  Hupeh,  and  Wulungshih,  western  Szechwan,  spring,  and 
summer. 

PERICROCOTUS  CANTONENSIS  (Swinhoe). 

Eight  adults,  both  sexes,  Mafuling,  Hupeh,  and  Luchow,  Suifu,  and  Hoch- 
inghsien,  Szechwan,  spring,  and  summer. 

PYCNONOTIDAE. 

MiCROSCELis1  LEUCOCEPHALUS  (Gmelin). 

Eight  males,  Hsienshan,  Pootung,  Hsienhsienshan,  Mafuling,  Peiyangsze, 
Hupeh,  and  Omeihsien,  Szechwan,  spring,  and  summer. 

PYCNONOTUS  XANTHORRHOUS  J.  Anderson. 

Twenty-four  specimens,  young  and  adult  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Yangchiata- 
miao,  and  Hsienshanhsien,  Hupeh,  and  Wushanhsien,  Kiating,  and  Chinchihsien, 
Szechwan,  all  seasons. 

1  As  Hypsipetes,  the  current  name  of  this  genus  is  preoccupied,  we  take  Microscelis,  apparently  the 
first  available  name. 


166  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

PYCNONOTUS  SINENSIS  (Gmelin). 

Thirty-three  specimens,  young  and  adults,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  and  Kwatze, 
Hupeh,  and  Hochianghsien,  Wanhsien,  and  Nanchihsien,  Szechwan,  and  Shang- 
hai, Kiangsu,  all  seasons. 

SPIZIXTJS  SEMITORQUES  Swinhoe. 

Twenty  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Changyanghsien,  Tawan,  Kwatze- 
ling,  Hsienshanhsien,  Shihtowya,  and  Hsienshan,  Hupeh,  and  Kiating,  and 
Changshowhsien,  Szechwan,  all  seasons. 

TIMELIIDAE. 

BABAX  LANCEOLATUS  LANCEOLATUS  (Verreaux). 

Seven  adults,  both  sexes,  from  Hsientientze,  Hsienshanhsien,  Changyang- 
hsien, Hochaping,  and  Kwangpow,  Hupeh,  taken  at  all  seasons  of  the  year. 

BABAX  LANCEOLATUS  BONVALOTI  Oustalet. 

Six  specimens,  young  and  adult,  both  sexes,  Ramala  Pass,  Tachienlu,  and 
Cheto,  western  Szechwan,  midsummer. 

The  one  adult  a" ,  with  a  wholly  striped  belly,  from  the  Ramala  Pass, 
14,000  feet,  is  apparently  an  extreme  example  of  this  large,  dark  western  sub- 
species. As  Oustalet  has  already  mentioned  Tachienlu  specimens  are  somewhat 
intermediate,  but  they  are  so  very  much  nearer  the  Tibetan  subspecies  than  to 
true  lanceolatus,  that  there  is  no  question  but  that  they  should  be  placed  with 
the  former. 

TROCHALOPTERON  ELLIOTI  ELLIOTI  Verreaux. 

Twenty-eight  specimens,  Washan,  Tachienlu,  Yachiakun,  Tachiao,  and 
Cheto,  western  Szechwan,  and  Changyanghsien,  Hsienshanhsien,  Mafuling, 
Hsienshan,  Kwangpow,  Patung,  Tanshuiya,  and  Hsientientze,  Hupeh,  all 
seasons. 

TROCHALOPTERON  FORMOSUM  Verreaux. 

Three  adults,  two  males  and  a  female,  taken  at  Washan,  western  Szechwan, 
7,000  feet,  October  31,  1908. 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  167 

• 

TROCHALOPTERON  CANORUM  (Linn6). 

Ten  specimens,  both  sexes  from  Ichang,  Changyanghsien,  and  Hsienshan- 
hsien,  Hupeh,  all  taken  in  autumn  and  winter,  and  from  Tsaikow,  and  Kiating, 
western  Szechwan,  taken  in  October,  and  November. 

IANTHOCINCLA  MAXIMA  (Verreaux). 

Eleven  specimens,  young  and  adult  of  both  sexes,  Shuowlow,  Ramala  Pass, 
Yachiakun,  Kaoerhshan,  Wulungshih,  and  Lanerhyingpa,  western  Szechwan, 
midsummer. 

IANTHOCINCLA  CINEREICEPS  Styan. 

One  adult  female  from  Hsienshanhsien,  Hupeh,  December  19,  1907. 

POMATORHINUS  STYANi  Seebohm. 

Ten  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hsienshan,  Changyanghsien, 
and  Hsienshanhsien,  Hupeh,  all  seasons. 

POMATORHINUS  MACCLELLANDI  GRAVIVOX  David. 

Two  specimens,  adult  cf  and  9 ,  from  Peiyangsze,  and  Mafuling,  Hupeh, 
May  12,  and  June  6,  1907. 

DRYONASTES  PERSPICILLATUS  PERSPICILLATUS  (Gmelin). 

Ten  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Ituhsien,  Kingaohsien,  and  Ichang, 
Hupeh,  and  Chungchowhsien,  eastern  Szechwan,  all  seasons. 

DRYONASTES  SANNIO  (Swinhoe). 

Fifteen  specimens,  young  and  adult,  both  sexes,  Changyanghsien,  Ichang, 
and  Putze,  Hupeh,  and  Lungchi,  and  Kiating,  Szechwan,  all  seasons. 

ALCIPPE  NIPALENSIS  HUETI  David. 

Sixteen  specimens,  both  sexes,  Kiating,  and  Changshowhsien,  Szechwan, 
autumn,  winter,  and  spring. 

PROPARUS  CINEREICEPS  (Verreaux). 

Fifteen  specimens  adults  of  both  sexes,  from  Hsienshanhsien,  and  Hochaping, 
Hupeh,  and  Makaling,  Tachiao,  and  Washan,  western  Szechwan,  all  seasons. 


168  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

• 

This  series  shows  considerable  variation  in  the  colors  of  the  head  and  back, 
a  variation  principally  seasonal  though  in  slight  degree  due  to  individual  differ- 
ences; there  is  however  not  a  single  specimen  that  could  be  referred  to  Proparus 
fucatus  Styan  described  from  Ichang. 

MOUPINIA  POECILOTIS  (Verreaux). 

Four  specimens,  adults  and  immature  of  both  sexes,  Tachienlu,  and  Chin- 
chihsien,  western  Szechwan,  at  altitudes  ranging  from  8,000  to  12,500  feet, 
August  and  October. 

SCHOENIPARUS   VARIEGATUS   Styan. 

One  adult  o"  in  worn  plumage,  Chinshihsien,  western  Szechwan,  June  27, 
1908. 

Ogilvie-Grant  considers  this  species  the  same  as  Schoeniparus  geneslieri 
(Oustalet),  which  has  two  years  priority  over  Styan's  name;  but  Sharpe  retains 
both  species  in  his  Hand  List  of  Birds.  With  but  a  single  specimen  we  are  not 
in  a  position  to  decide. 

STACHYRIDOPSIS  PRAECOGNITUS  (Swinhoe). 

Seven  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Hsienshanhsien,  Hupeh,  and  Kiating, 
Washanhsien,  and  Nanchihsien,  Szechwan,  spring,  autumn,  and  winter. 

The  one  skin  taken  at  Hsienshanhsien,  December  28,  1907,  is  paler  below, 
more  grayish  and  less  greenish  olive,  above,  than  any  of  the  Szechwan  specimens. 
Though  very  pale  in  color  below  it  is  still,  however,  yellowish,  and  can  not,  we 
believe,  be  referable  to  S.  davidi  Oustalet,  which  was  described  as  "  cinerascenti- 
bus"  on  the  breast  and  abdomen,  though  it  would  seem  to  approach  that  form 
in  some  degree. 

MYIOPHONEUS  CAERULETJS  (Scopoli). 

Five  adults,  both  sexes,  Kweichowhsien,  and  Ichang,  Hupeh,  and  Nitow, 
and  Kiating,  western  Szechwan,  December,  March,  and  June. 

MYIOPHONEUS  TIBETANUS  Madarasz. 

This  very  distinct  species  with  a  yellow  bill  and  no  semiconcealed  white 
markings  on  the  feathers  of  the  rump  and  sides,  was  taken  at  Nachuka,  10,000 
feet,  Tachienlu,  7,500  to  10,000  feet,  Washan,  and  Cheto,  10,000  feet,  western 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  169 

Szechwan ;  ten  specimens  including  young  and  adults  were  secured  in  spring  and 
summer,  1908. 

Hartert  having  examined  the  type,  pronounced  it  a  young  bird  and  synony- 
mous with  M.  temminckii  temminckii  Vigors  (Die  vogel  der  palaarktischen 
fauna,  p.  676). 

Our  series  contains  six  fully  adult  breeding  birds,  taken  between  the  dates 
of  May  18  and  August  24,  and  as  none  of  these  show  even  the  slightest  indica- 
tion of  white  spots  so  conspicuous  on  the  rump  and  sides  of  M.  temminckii  and 
M.  caerukus,  we  believe  that  Hartert  was  mistaken  in  his  disposition  of  the 
species.  M .  tibetanus  is  moreover  of  a  rather  duller  blue  color  generally  than  M . 
temminckii,  and  the  shiny  blue  spots  are  smaller  both  above  and  below. 

HETEROXENICUS  CRTJRALIS  FORMASTER,  sub.  sp.  nov. 

Four  specimens,  an  adult  male,  two  young  males,  and  an  adult  female, 
Washan  Mountain,  western  Szechwan,  9,000  to  10,000  feet,  May  31  to  June  4, 
1908. 

Type: — No.  51970  M.  C.  Z.  adult  d*.  Western  Szechwan:  Washan  Moun- 
tain, 10,000  feet,  May  31,  1908.  W.  R.  Zappey. 

Characters:—  Very  similar  to  true  H .  cruralis  (Blyth)  of  the  eastern  Himala- 
yas, but  larger;  the  adult  male  with  the  blue  parts  much  grayer  blue,  less  indigo; 
the  adult  female,  duller,  more  olivaceous,  less  russet-brown.  Thus,  the  new 
form  seems  to  be  in  general  color  like  H.  sinensis  (Rickett)  of  northwestern 
Fukien  (which  we  have  not  seen)  but  is  larger  and  has  the  lores  black  as  in  true 
H.  cruralis. 

Measurements: — Type,  adult  G?,  wing,  73;  tail,  47;  tarsus,  34;  culmen, 
14.  Adult  9  ,  Topotype  No.  51973,  wing,  70;  tail,  45;  tarsus,  32.5;  culmen,  13. 

Remarks:  —  This  bird  was  found  only  on  Washan  Mountain,  where  it 
lived  in  the  rhododendron  thickets;  it  was  shot  with  great  difficulty.  There 
is  no  doubt  that  it  is  very  closely  related  to  true  H.  cruralis  on  the  one  hand  and 
to  H.  sinensis  on  the  other,  still  it  differs  from  both  in  its  larger  size,  and  from 
each  in  other  slight  characters;  and  we  believe  it  must  be  regarded  as  represent- 
ing a  distinct  subspecies. 

TESIA  GRALLATOR,  sp.  nov. 
Plate  5,  figs.  1,  2. 

Type: — No.  51975  M.  C.  Z.  adult  9  .  Western  Szechwan:  Washan  Moun- 
tain, 10,000  feet,  May  31,  1908.  W.  R.  Zappey. 


170  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

Characters: —  Similar  to  T.  castaneocoronata  (Burton)  (Plate  6,  fig.  3,  bill) 
of  the  eastern  Himalayas,  but  with  a  very  much  smaller  bill  (Plate  6,  fig.  2) 
which  is  of  a  yellowish  color  throughout ;  (the  two  specimens  of  T.  castaneocoro- 
nata examined  have  the  maxilla  dark  brown);  crown  orange-rufous  instead  of 
hazel  or  chestnut;  underparts  slightly  paler  yellow,  with  a  narrow  band  of  olive- 
green  spots  across  chest;  eye-ring,  showing  most  distinctly  just  before  and  just 
behind  eye,  bright  yellow. 

Measurements: — Type,  adult  9,  wing,  50.5;  tail,  24;  tarsus,  23;  cul- 
men,  8.5. 

Remarks: —  This  Tesia  also  kept  itself  closely  concealed  in  the  thickets  of 
rhododendron  on  Washan  and  the  type  was  the  only  individual  seen  during  the 
all  too  short  stay  on  this  exceedingly  interesting  mountain. 

YUHINA   GULARIS   YANGPIENSIS   Sharpe. 

Two  adults,  male  and  female,  taken  together,  on  Washan,  western  Szech- 
wan,  at  8,000  feet  altitude,  October  27,  1908. 

These  skins  agree  exactly  with  Sharpe's  description,  and  are  very  different 
from  examples  of  true  Y.  gularis  from  the  eastern  Himalayas.  We  have  how- 
ever seen  no  specimens  from  Yunnan. 

YUHINA  DIADEMATA  Verreaux. 

Nine  adults,  both  sexes,  Hsienshanhsien,  Changyanghsien,  and  Putze, 
Hupeh,  and  Nitow,  and  Washan,  western  Szechwan,  all  seasons. 

LlOTHRIX   LUTEUS   LUTEUS    (Scopoli). 

Twenty-four  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Hsienshanhsien,  Hsienshan, 
Patung,  and  Changyanghsien,  Hupeh,  and  Yachow,  Lungchi,  and  Luluping, 
Szechwan,  all  seasons. 

CONOSTOMA   AEMODIUM   Hodgson. 

Three  adult  males,  Washan,  western  Szechwan,  taken  at  altitudes  of  from 
8,000  to  10,000  feet,  May  and  October. 

CHOLORNIS  PARADOXA  Verreaux. 

Four  adult  males,  Washan,  western  Szechwan,  8,000  to  8,500  feet,  May, 
1908. 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  171 

SUTHORA  UNICOLOR  CANASTER,  sub.  sp.  nov. 

Two  specimens,  both  males,  Washan,  and  Yachiakun,  western  Szechwan, 
July  and  November. 

Type:— No.  50709  M.  C.  Z.  adult  d".  Western  Szechwan:  Washan 
Mountain,  November  3,  1908.  W.  R.  Zappey. 

Characters: —  Similar  to  true  Suthora  unicolor  (Hodgson)  (compared  with 
specimens  from  Sikkim)  but  slightly  smaller  with  a  decidedly  smaller  bill;  colora- 
tion grayer,  the  breast  and  chest  much  more  ashy  and  less  vinous,  sides  of  head 
paler  and  grayer,  forehead  and  forward  part  of  crown  pearly  gray  instead  of 
vinous  brown. 

Measurements: — Type,  adult  <?,  wing,  88;  tail,  101;  tarsus,  30.5;  culmen, 
13.  No.  50710,  adult  d" ,  Yachiakun,  western  Szechwan,  July  14,  1908, 
wing,  89;  tail,  104;  tarsus,  30;  culmen,  13.5. 

SUTHORA  CONSPICILLATA  David. 
One  adult  d",  Hsientientze,  Hupeh,  6,000  feet,  June  2,  1907. 

SUTHORA  ALPHONSIANA  Verreaux. 

Three  adults,  two  males  and  a  female,  Kiating,  and  Luluping,  western 
Szechwan,  June,  and  November. 

SUTHORA  WEBBIANA  SUFFUSA  (Swinhoe). 

Twenty-three  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hsienshanhsien, 
Shantau,  and  Kunganhsien,  Hupeh,  and  Changshowhsien,  eastern  Szechwan 
all  seaso  ns . 

SUTHORA  ZAPPEYI,  sp.  nov. 

Plate  4,  fig.  2. 

Seven  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  all  from  Washan  Mountain,  western 
Szechwan,  8,500  to  10,000  feet,  October,  November,  and  May. 

Type:— No.  50738  M.  C.  Z.,  adult  d".  Western  Szechwan:  Washan  Moun- 
tain, 9,000  feet,  November  3,  1908.  W.  R.  Zappey. 

Characters: —  A  medium  sized  species,  with  a  small  bill,  much  crested  head, 
and  of  dull  coloration.  Back  Mars  brown;  head  and  anterior  lower  parts  gray; 
sides  ecru-drab;  flanks  and  under  tail-coverts,  drab. 


172  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

Color: — Pileum  mouse-gray;  sides  of  face  and  neck  smoke  gray;  back 
Mars  brown;  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts  drab;  wings  dusky  margined  with 
Mars  brown;  tail  dusky  narrowly  edged  with  drab;  throat  and  chest  pale  drab- 
gray;  sides  of  breast  ecru-drab;  flanks  and  under  tail-coverts  drab;  bill  pale 
yellowish,  more  or  less  dusky  at  base  of  culmen  (in  dried  skin). 

Summer  —  May  31  —  specimens  are  like  autumnal  ones,  except  in  being 
duller  in  colors  throughout  with  the  plumage  much  closer,  less  fluffy. 

Measurements: — Type,  adult  a",  wing,  58.5;  tail,  77;  tarsus,  22;  cul- 
men, 7.5.  Adult  9  Topotype,  No.  50743,  wing,  57;  tail,  79;  tarsus,  22;  cul- 
men, 8. 

Remarks: —  This  species,  which  we  have  named  in  honor  of  Mr.  Zappey, 
was  seen  on  Washan  only,  where  it  is  probably  resident.  It  occurred  in  fair 
numbers  both  in  spring,  and  early  summer,  and  in  autumn. 

TROGLODYTIDAE. 

NANNUS  TROGLODYTES  SZETSCHTJANUS  (Hartert). 

Ten  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes  and  two  young  females.  Ichang, 
Changyanghsien,  and  Hsienshanhsien,  Hupeh,  and  Tachiao,  and  Wulungshih, 
western  Szechwan,  the  latter  at  an  altitude  of  14,500  feet,  all  seasons. 

PNOEPYGA  MUTICA,  sp.  nov. 
Plate  4,  fig.  1. 

Type:— No.  51974  M.  C.  Z.  adult  d1.  Western  Szechwan:  Washan  Moun- 
tain, 10,000  feet,  June  3,  1908.  W.  R.  Zappey. 

Characters: — Somewhat  similar  to  P.  squamata  (Gould)  of  the  Himalayas, 
the  upper  parts  very  similar,  the  under  parts  much  darker,  the  dusky  centres 
of  the  feathers  much  more  extended  and  the  white  borders  much  narrower  and 
nearly  or  quite  disappearing  on  the  feathers  of  the  sides  and  flanks;  the  pro- 
nounced buffy  suffusion  of  the  whole  under  parts  of  P.  squamata  is,  except  for 
a  light  buffy  wash  on  the  low  belly,  wanting  in  the  Washan  bird. 

Color: — Whole  upper  parts,  including  wings  and  tail,  Prout's  brown,  each 
feather  of  the  head  and  back  with  a  small  terminal  spot  of  tawny;  throat  plain 
white;  chest  and  breast,  to  middle  of  abdomen  with  each  feather  dusky  gray 
in  the  middle  and  white  around  the  edges,  producing  a  regular  scale-like  appear- 
ance; flanks  and  under  tail-coverts  dull  Prout's  brown,  the  feathers  tipped  with 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  173 

brownish  white;    bill  dark  brown,  yellowish  white  at  base  of  lower  mandible; 
legs  and  feet  brown. 

Measurement*:— Type  adult  d",  wing,  61;  tail,  17;  tarsus,  25.5;  culmen, 
11.5. 

Remarks. —  The  unique  specimen  of  this  extraordinary  little  bird  was 
secured  almost  by  accident.  It  was  on  the  ground,  under  the  dense,  all  but 
impenetrable  masses  of  rhododendron  that  cover  the  high  sides  of  Washan, 
when  a  slight  movement  of  the  bird  attracted  Mr.  Zappey's  attention. 

CINCLIDAE. 

ClNCLUS   CINCLUS   CASHMERIENSIS   Gould. 

One  female  Tachienlu,  western  Szechwan,  9,000  feet,  September  30,  1908. 

CINCLUS  PALLASII  SOULIEI  Oustalet. 

Twenty-two  specimens,  young  and  adults  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  and  Chang- 
yanghsien,  Hupeh,  all  seasons. 

TURDIDAE. 

PLANESTICUS  MERULA  MANDARINUS  (Bonaparte). 

Sixteen  specimens,  adults  and  young  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  and  Chang- 
kowhsien,  Hupeh,  and  Omeihsien,  Hochianghsien,  and  Kiating,  western  Sze- 
chwan, all  seasons. 

PLANESTICUS  CASTANEA  GOULDI  (Verreaux). 

Sixteen  specimens,  adults  and  young  of  both  sexes,  Tachienlu,  and  Tachiao, 
western  Szechwan,  midsummer. 

PLANESTICUS  KESSLERI  (Prjevalsky). 

Four  adults,  two  males  and  two  females,  western  Szechwan:  Tachienlu, 
13,500  feet,  Ramala  Pass,  15,000  feet,  Lanerhyingpa,  14,000  feet,  and  Kaoer- 
hshan,  15,000  feet,  July,  and  August,  1908.  This  fine  bird  was  found  only  in 
the  highest  grass-lands,  and  was  very  rare  even  in  those  regions. 

PSOPHOCICHLA  AURITA  (Verreaux). 
One  adult  male,  Kiating,  western  Szechwan,  November  28,  1908, 


174  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

OREOCINCLA  AUREA  (Holandre). 
One  adult  male,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  April  30,  1907. 

OREOCINCLA  DAUMA  SOCIA,  sub.  sp.  nov. 

Two  specimens,  male  and  female  adults,  Tachienlu;  western  Szechwan, 
9,000  feet,  September  28,  1908. 

Type:— No.  51177  M.  C.  Z.  adult  cf.  Western  Szechwan:  Tachienlu, 
9,000  feet,  September  28,  1908.  W.  R.  Zappey. 

Characters: — -Similar  to  true  0.  dauma  (Latham)  of  the  Himalayas,  and 
with  twelve  tail-feathers;  but  smaller,  much  darker  in  general  coloration,  with 
all  the  black  markings  of  the  feathers  wider  and  the  ochraceous  markings  nar- 
rower;, underparts  more  ochraceous  or  buff-yellow,  less  whitish;  under  tail- 
coverts  wholly  buff -yellow;  pileum  much  darker,  the  feathers,  except  for  the 
ochraceous  spot  on  each,  black  instead  of  brown. 

Measurements:  —  Type,  adult  cf,  wing  138;  tail,  95.5;  tarsus,  34.5;  culmen, 
22.  Adult  9  No.  51176.  Topotype,  wing,  135;  tail,  90;  tarsus,  32;  culmen,  22. 

Remarks: — Like  so  many  other  Himalayan  birds,  Oreocincla  dauma  has  a 
well-marked  subspecies  in  the  high  mountains  of  western  China.  It  must  be 
either  very  rare  or  very  retiring  in  its  habits  as  Mr.  Zappey  saw  but  the  two 
collected  and  we  can  not  find  that  any  other  collector  has  ever  taken  it  in  this 
general  region  or  in  eastern  Tibet  where  it  should  also  occur. 

TURDUS  CARDIS  LATEUS  Thayer  &  Bangs. 
Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  May,  1909,  62,  p.  140. 

• 

Four  specimens,  three  adult  males  and  a  young  male  in  nestling  plumage, 
Ichang,  Hupeh,  April,  June,  and  July. 

This  subspecies  which  is  a  well-marked  form,  easily  separated  from  true  T. 
cardis  of  Japan,  was  found  only  at  Ichang  where  it  was  breeding.  Mr.  Zappey 
was  away  from  Ichang  in  May,  otherwise  from  April  to  July  he  occasionally 
saw  or  heard  this  thrush.  He  states  that  he  might  easily  have  secured  additional 
specimens  had  he  anticipated  that  it  would  not  occur  elsewhere. 

TURDUS  NAUMANNI  (Temminck). 

Twenty-eight  specimens,  Ichang,  Ituhsien,  and  Changyanghsien,  Hupeh, 
winter,  and  early  spring. 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  175 

TURDUS   RUFICOLLIS   RUFICOLLIS    (Pallas). 

Two  males,  one  taken  at  Ichang,  March  22,  1907,  the  other  a  bird  with  but 
one  leg  and  an  old  injury  to  one  wing,  was  shot  at  Yachiakun,  western 
Szechwan,  10,000  feet  altitude,  July  19,  1908.  The  partially  disabled  indi- 
vidual, which  of  course  had  been  prevented  from  migrating  northward  in  the 
spring,  was  in  full  breeding  plumage. 

TURDUS  FUSCATUS  (Pallas). 

Eleven  specimens,  Ichang,  Changyanghsien,  and  Tawan,  Hupeh,  and 
Washan,  and  Wanhsien,  Szechwan,  winter,  and  early  spring. 

PETROPHILA  SOLITARIUS  SOLITARIUS  (Linn6). 

Thirteen  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Changyanghsien,  Nantow, 
and  Hsienshan,  Hupeh,  and  Waszekow,  Wanhsien,  Luchow,  Foochow,  and 
Luitingchiao,  Szechwan,  all  seasons.  Several  males  —  three  or  four  —  have 
more  or  less  ferruginous  mixed  in  the  blue  of  the  belly  and  under  tail-coverts, 
thus  approaching  P.  solitarius  philippensis  (Miill.). 

LAISCOPUS  COLLARIS  NiPALENSis  (Hodgson). 

One,  young  male  just  beginning  to  assume  mature  plumage,  Cheto,  western 
Szechwan,  13,500  feet,  August  30,  1908. 

APRUNELLA  IMMACULATA  (Hodgson). 
One  adult  male,  Washan,  western  Szechwan,  October  28,  1908. 

PRUNELLA  STROPHIATA  MULTISTRIATUS  (David). 

Five  specimens,  young  and  adults,  Ramala  Pass,  Yachia,  and  Shuowlow, 
western  Szechwan,  10,000  to  15,500  feet,  midsummer. 

ENICURUS  SINENSIS  Gould. 

Twenty-five  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Yangchiatamiao, 
Yangchaho,  Tatung,  Chiliping,  Chilitoyeh,  Kwangpow,  Hsienshan,  Hsien- 
shanhsien,  and  Changyanghsien,  Hupeh,  and  Yachow,  and  Luluping,  western 
Szechwan,  all  seasons. 


176  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

MICROCICHLA  SCOULERI  (Vigors). 

Nine  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes  and  one  young  female,  Ichanghsien, 
Hsienshanhsien,  Tawan,  Changyanghsien,  Ichang,  and  Tanshuiya,  Hupeh,  and 
Washan,  western  Szechwan,  all  seasons. 

CHIMARRHORNIS  LEUCOCEPHALA  (Vigors). 

Thirty-four  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Ichanghsien,  Hsienshanhsien, 
and  Changyanghsien,  Hupeh,  and  Washan,  Cheto,  Motuimien,  Tsaikow,  Tach- 
ienlu,  and  Tachiao,  western  Szechwan. 

PHOENICTJRUS  HODGSONI  Moore. 

Two  adult  males,  Ichanghsien,  Hupeh,  February  4,  1909,  and  Kiating, 
western  Szechwan,  December  18,  1908. 

PHOENICURTJS  AUROREUS  AUROREUS  (Pallas). 

Thirty-nine  specimens,  adults  and  young  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Kwang- 
pow,  Showlungtu,  and  Hsienshanhsien,  Hupeh,  and  Nachuka,  Washan,  and 
Kiating,  western  Szechwan,  all  seasons.  Mature  birds  and  two  nearly  full 
grown  young  in  spotted  plumage,  were  taken  August  12,  and  14,  at  Nachuka, 
10,000  feet  altitude. 

The  recently  described  Phoenicurus  auroreus  filchneri  (Parrot),  if  really 
distinct,  has  probably  a  slightly  different  range;  at  all  events  our  birds  are 
referable  to  true  auroreus.  The  wing  in  our  largest  males  not  exceeding  75  mm. 
and  in  the  females  not  exceeding  72  mm.,  breeding  birds  are  no  larger  than  those 
taken  in  winter. 

PHOENICURUS  FRONTALIS  Vigors. 

Seven  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  and  one  young  male  in  spotted 
plumage,  Washan,  Yachiakun,  and  Yachow,  western  Szechwan,  all  midsummer, 
except  one  male  taken  December  3. 

PHOENICURUS  SCHISTICEPS  (Gray). 

Five  specimens,  two  adult  males,  one  adult  female,  and  two  young  males 
in  spotted  plumage,  Ramala  Pass,  Shuowlow,  and  Wulungshih,  western  Sze- 
chwan, 12,500  to  15,000  feet,  midsummer. 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  177 

RHYACORNIS  FULIGINOSA  FULIGINOSA  (Vigors). 

Forty  specimens,  young  and  adults,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Changyanghsien, 
Hsienshanhsien,  Showlungtu,  Pinshinpow,  and  Kwatzeling,  Hupeh,  and  Washan, 
Tachienlu,  Tsaikow,  Suifu,  and  Lungchi,  Szechwan,  all  seasons. 

CYANOSYLVIA  SUECIA  ROBUSTA  (Buturlin). 
Two  males,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  October  9,  and  November  1,  1907. 

HODGSONIUS   PHOENICUROIDES    (Hodgson). 

Eight  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes  and  young  males,  Chetzekow,  Hupeh, 
and  Washan,  and  Tachienlu,  western  Szechwan,  spring,  and  summer. 

CALLIOPE  DAVIDI  Oustalet. 

Seven  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Yachiakun,  and  Lanerhyingpa, 
western  Szechwan,  12,000  to  14,000  feet  altitude,  midsummer. 

IANTHIA  CYANURA  (Pallas). 

Twenty  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Kwatzeling,  Hsienshanhsien,  and 
Changyanghsien,  Hupeh,  and  Kungyahsien,  Shuowlow,  Omeihsien,  and  Kiating, 
Szechwan,  mostly  winter,  and  early  spring,  though  there  is  one  female  taken  at 
Shuowlow,  August  22,  that  is  in  very  much  abraded  plumage. 

COPSYCHUS  SAULARIS  (Linne"). 

Twelve  adults,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Changyanghsien,  Kwangpow,  and  Shih- 
towya,  Hupeh,  and  Hochiang,  Szechwan,  all  seasons. 

Copsychus  saularis  undoubtedly  divides  into  a  number  of  geographic  races, 
as  partly  indicated  by  Sharpe  in  the  Catalogue  of  the  birds  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum; many  of  these  have  received  names.  The  Chinese  and  Indian  birds 
differ  somewhat  and  may  have  to  be  recognized,  but  we  have  far  too  little  material 
at  our  command  to  attempt  the  subdivision. 

PRATINCOLA  TORQUATA  PRJEWALSKII  Pleske. 

Nine  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes  and  young  males  in  autumn  plumage. 
Ichang,  Tawan,  Chetzekow,  and  Hsientientze,  Hupeh  and  Washan,  western 
Szechwan.  Six  of  these  —  five  males  and  a  female  —  were  taken  during  the 
breeding  season,  from  late  April  to  the  middle  of  June;  the  other  three  are  young 


178  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES.      \ 

males  taken  in  September,  and  October  and  may  have  been  migrants,  though 
they  appear  to  belong  to  the  same  form  as  the  others. 

It  is  with  some  hesitation  that  we  refer  these  breeding  birds  from  central 
and  western  China  to  P.  t.  prjewalskii,  as  they  are  rather  smaller  than  that  form, 
judged  by  the  measurements  given  by  Hartert  in  Die  vogel  der  palaarktischen 
fauna.  On  the  other  hand  they  are  too  large  to  be  placed  with  P.  t.  stejnegeri 
Parrot. 

It  is  probable  that  they  are  about  intermediate  between  the  two,  though 
perhaps  nearer  P.  t.  prjewalskii  than  to  P.  t.  stejnegeri. 

OREICOLA  FERREA  HARINGTONI  Hartert. 

Five  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Tawan,  Hsientientze,  and  Kwangpow, 
Hupeh,  and  Luluping,  western  Szechwan,  spring,  and  summer. 

SYLVIIDAE. 

LOCTJSTELLA  LANCEOLATA  (Temminck). 
Four  females,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  September,  October,  and  November. 

i 

ANTELIOCICHLA  BISTRIGICEPS  (Swinhoe). 
Two  adults,  male  and  female,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  September,  and  October. 

ANTELIOCICHLA  AGRICOLA  CONCINENS  (Swinhoe). 

One  adult  male,  in  rather  worn  breeding  plumage,  Hsientientze,  Hupeh, 
5,500  feet,  June  3,  1907. 

ACROCEPHALUS  ARUNDINACEUS  MAGNIROSTRIS  (Swinhoe). 

Five  adults,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  June.  These  birds  were  breeding 
in  the  reed-beds  of  the  river,  and  are  in  rather  worn  plumage.  They  appear 
to  represent  this  form  and  not  A.  inexpectatus;  the  wing  in  the  male  is  well  over 
80  mm.  and  the  2nd  primary  falls  between  the  3rd  and  4th  in  length;  the  color 
of  the  upper  parts  moreover,  is  decidedly  olive-brown. 

We,  however,  recognize  Swinhoe's  name  for  the  Chinese  bird,  separating 
it  from  the  Japanese  A.  arundinaceus  orientalis  (Temminck  and  Schlegel)  on 
account  of  its  decidedly  heavier  bill  and  slightly  larger  size. 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  179 

ACROCEPHALUS  INEXPECTATUS  Berezowski  &  Bianchi. 

One  adult  male,  taken  at  Ichang,  Hupeh,  October  8,  1907.  This  individual 
has  the  wing,  76  mm.;  tail  61.5;  tarsus,  27.;  culmen,  17.  The  second  primary 
falls  between  the  4th  and  5th ;  and  the  color  of  the  upper  parts  is  a  rich  russet- 
brown.  The  specimen,  therefore,  agrees  exactly  with  the  description  of  Berezow- 
ski and  Bianchi  and  is  undoubtedly  a  migrant  of  the  rather  more  northwestern 
species. 

DlJMETICOLA1   BRUNNEIPECTTJS    (Blyth). 

Nine  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Hsientientze,  Hupeh,  and  Washan, 
western  Szechwan,  May,  and  June.  All  were  taken  at  altitudes  of  between  6,000 
and  8,000  feet. 

Two  nests  with  sets  of  eggs  —  one  of  two  and  the  other  of  four  —  were 
secured  May  31  and  June  6,  and  in  each  case  the  female  parent  was  also  taken. 

Our  skins  belong  apparently  to  D.  brunneipectus  rather  than  to  D.  russulus 
(Slater),  but  we  have  had  no  specimens  of  the  latter  for  comparison. 

ClSTICOLA   CISTICOLA   TINTINNABULANS    (Swhlhoe). 

Two  males,  Kiating,  and  Hochianghsien,  Szechwan,  April  22,  and  May  6. 

OREOPNEUSTE  SUBAFFINIS  (Ogilvie-Grant). 

Ten  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Hsientientze,  Tawan,  and  Showlungtan, 
Hupeh,  and  Kiating,  Washan,  and  Tachienlu,  Szechwan,  at  altitudes  ranging 
from  5,000  to  8,000  feet,  spring  and  summer.  The  one  skin  from  Kiating  which 
is  in  low  country,  was  taken  November  18,  1908,  and  is  the  only  specimen  in 
autumnal  plumage. 

A  nest  and  set  of  four  eggs  was  taken  together  with  the  female  parent  at 
Washan,  6,000  feet  altitude,  May  31,  1908. 

OREOPNEUSTE  AFFINIS  (Tickell). 

At  Yachiakun,  western  Szechwan,  September,  1908,  at  an  altitude  of  13,500 
feet  Mr.  Zappey  collected  one  male  (probably  young  in  first  autumnal  plumage) 
that  is  very  unlike  any  in  the  series  of  0.  subaffinis  even  the  single  autumnal 
one  from  Kiating.  This  specimen  we  can  not  distinguish  in  any  way  from  skins 
of  0.  affinis  from  Shillong,  India,  with  which  we  have  carefully  compared  it. 

1  This  genus  is  unquestionably  quite  distinct  and  must  be  recognized  as  different  from  Tribura. 


180  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

It  can  be  separated  at  once  from  0.  subaffinis  by  the  lemon-yellow  underparts, 
under  wing-coverts,  and  superciliaries ;  by  its  darker  more  olive-green  back, 
and  by  the  smaller  amount  of  black-  on  the  lower  mandible.  It  was  probably 
a  stray  migrant. 

It"  does  not  seem  possible  that  it  can  be  0.  bianchi  Sharpe  (originally  described 
by  Berezowski  and  Bianchi  as  0.  davidi)  which  we  consider,  though  without 
specimens,  to  be  much  nearer  to,  if  not  the  same  as,  0.  subaffinis. 

OREOPNEUSTE  FUSCATUS  (Blyth). 
Eight  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  autumn  —  September  27  to 

• 

November  28  —  and  one  killed  March  22. 

OREOPNEUSTE  ARMANDI  (Milne  Edwards). 

Three  adults,  one  male,  two  females,  Tachienlu,  western  Szechwan,  9,000 
to  10,000  feet,  July. 

REGULOIDES  MACULIPENNIS  DEBILIS,  sub.  sp.  nov. 

Two  adult  females,  western  Szechwan;  Kiating,  November  26,  and  Luluping, 
November  8. 

Type:— No.  52502  M.  C.  Z.  adult  9.  Western  Szechwan:  Kiating, 
November  26,  1908.  W.  R.  Zappey. 

Characters: —  Similar  to  true  R.  maculipennis  (Blyth)  of  the  Himalayas, 
but  head  mouse-gray  instead  of  brownish  olive;  back  bright  olive-green  instead 
of  yellowish  or  greenish  olive ;  throat  paler,  grayish  white  instead  of  dull  drab- 
gray;  belly  paler  and  purer  yellow  —  pale  sulphur-yellow,  instead  of  dull  oliva- 
ceous maize-yellow. 

Measurements: — Type,  adult  9,  wing,  48;   tail,  33;  tarsus,  16;   culmen,  7. 

Remarks:  —  This  is  another  very  distinct  west  China  subspecies  of  a 
Himalayan  species.  It  probably  breeds  in  the  coniferous  forest  on  Washan 
and  perhaps  in  other  parts  of  this  elevated  region,  although  it  was  not  taken 
during  the  breeding  season. 

REGULOIDES  PULCHER  (Blyth). 

Three  specimens,  two  males  and  a  female  all  adults,  Washan,  Yachiakun, 
and  Tachiao,  western  Szechwan,  11,000  to  12,000  feet,  June,  and  July. 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  181 

REGULOIDES  PROREGULUS  (Pallas). 

Twenty-three  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Chetzekow,  Hsienshan,  and 
Hsienshanhsien,  Hupeh,  and  Kiating,  Luluping,  and  Washan,  Szechwan.  All 
seasons,  during  the  breeding  season,  however,  all  the  places  were  of  high 
altitude  —  7,000  to  10,000  feet. 

REGULOIDES  SUPERCILIOSUS  (Gmelin). 

Fifteen  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hsientientze,  and  Kwatzeling, 
Hupeh,  autumn,  and  spring  as  late  as  May  10. 

REGULOIDES  MANDELLII  Brooks. 

One  adult  male,  Lianghokow,  western  Szechwan,  12,000  feet,  September  8, 
1908. 

ACANTHOPNEUSTE   BOREALIS    (Blasius). 

Two  males,  Ichang,  and  Mafuling,  Hupeh.     September  25,  and  May  12. 

ACANTHOPNEUSTE  PLUMBEITARSUS  (Swinhoe). 
One  adult  female,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  October  6. 

ACANTHOPNEUSTE  MAGNIROSTRIS  (Blyth). 

Ten  specimens,  both  sexes,  Hsienthen,  Wansow,  Chetzekow,  and  Patung, 
Hupeh,  and  Tachienlu,  Washan,  and  Yachiakun,  Szechwan,  spring,  and  summer. 

ACANTHOPNEUSTE  LUGUBRIS  (Blyth). 
One  adult  male,  Luluping,  western  Szechwan,  May  13,  1908. 

ACANTHOPNEUSTE  CORONATA  (Temminck). 

One  adult  male,  Wanhsien,  eastern  Szechwan,  April  2,  1908.    . 
This  is  probably  a  very  rare,  or  even  an  accidental  migrant,  so  far  inland. 
It  is,  however,  a  perfectly  typical  example  of  the  species. 

ACANTHOPNEUSTE  TROCHILOIDES  (Sundeval). 

Ten  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  and  one  young  male  in  nestling  plum- 
age (August  8),  Hsientientze,  Kwangpow,  Hongchikow,  Hochaping,  Hupeh, 
and  Nachuka,  and  Tsaikow,  Szechwan,  spring,  and  summer.  Taken  only  at 
altitudes  ranging  from  5,000  to  10,000  feet  during  the  breeding  season. 


182  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

HORORNIS  FORTIPES  DAVioiANA  (Verreaux). 

Eight  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes  and  one  young  male,  Ichang,  Hsien- 
tientze,  Hsienshanhsien,  and  Changyanghsien,  Hupeh,  and  Kiating,  Szechwan. 
All  seasons;  breeding  specimens  at  high  altitudes  only,  from  5,000  to  5,500  feet. 

NEORNIS  ACANTHIZOIDES  ACANTHIZOIDES  (Verreaux). 

Eight  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Kiating,  Washan,  and  Chungchow- 
hsien,  western  Szechwan,  winter,  spring  and  summer. 

NEORNIS  FLAVOLIVACEA  INTRICATUS  Hartert. 

Four  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Washan,  Tachienlu,  Yachiakun,  and 
Lianghokow,  western  Szechwan,  10,000  to  13,000  feet,  midsummer. 

NEORNIS  CANTANS  CANTURIANUS  (Swinhoe). 
One  adult  male,  Hsientientze,  Hupeh,  5,500  feet,  June  2,  1907. 

SUYA   CRINIGERA    HodgSOn. 

Eight  specimens,  both  sexes,  Hsienshan,  Nanyangho,  and  Patunghsien, 
Hupeh,  and  Kiating,  Chinkowno,  and  Nashanhsien,  Szechwan.  This  series 
includes  skins  in  spring  and  summer  plumage  with  black  bills  and  comparatively 
short  tails;  and  also  examples  taken  in  autumn  and  winter  with  pale  bills, 
comparatively  long  tails,  and  considerably  more  reddish  brown  above  with 
dusky  markings  on  the  throat  and  breast. 

PRINIA  INORNATA  EXTER,  sub.  sp.  nov. 
Plate  5,  figs.  4-5. 

Six  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Nanchihsien,  Hokow,  and  Kiating, 
Szechwan,  spring,  autumn,  and  winter. 

Type: — No.  52580  M.  C.  Z.  adult  cf  in  breeding  plumage.  Western 
Szechwan:  Hokow,  May  4,  1908.  W.  R.  Zappey. 

Characters: —  By  far  the  darkest  race  of  P.  inornata.  In  summer  plumage 
the  upper  parts  are  of  a  shade  about  between  olive  and  hair-brown;  the  under 
parts  strong  buff.  In  winter  plumage  the  upper  parts  vary  from  tawny  olive 
to  raw  umber  and  the  under  parts  are  clay  color.  It  is  therefore  a  very  much 
darker  bird  than  either  P.  inornata  inornata  Sykes  of  India  or  P.  inornata  exten- 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  183 

sicauda  (Swinhoe)  of  Amoy  and  southeastern  China.  These  two  are  not  very 
different  in  color,  the  upper  parts  ranging,  in  summer  plumage,  from  drab  to 
wood  brown;  and  the  same  parts  in  the  winter  plumage  are  about  ochraceous 
.cinnamon. 

Measurements: — Type  adult  cf,  summer  plumage,  wing,  51;  tail,  67; 
tarsus,  21;  culmen,  10.5.  No.  52578,  adult  male  from  Kiating,  western  Sze- 
chwan,  in  winter  plumage,  wing,  50.5;  tail,  89;  tarsus,  22;  culmen,  10.5. 

Remarks: —  We  can  not  find  that  this  dark,  well-marked  form  of  P.  inor- 
nata  has  been  named,  although  it  seems  probable  that  Dr.  Anderson's  Yunnan 
specimens  would  be  referable  to  it.  The  seasonal  differences  are  the  same  as 
in  other  members  of  the  genus,  but  in  both  plumages  it  is  easily  distinguished 
from  any  other  of  the  subspecies  by  its  much  darker,  deeper  coloring. 

LANIIDAE. 

LANITJS  BUCEPHALUS  Temminck  &  Schlegel. 

Three  specimens,  an  adult  male  and  two  females,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  October 
29,  and  January. 

LANIUS  TEPHRONOTUS  (Vigors). 

Sixteen  specimens,  young  and  adults,  of  both  sexes,  Tachienlu,  Nachuka, 
Lanerhyingpa,  Yachiakun,  Cheto,  Washan,  and  the  Ramala  Pass,  Szechwan, 
at  altitudes  ranging  from  8,000  to  15,000  feet,  midsummer. 

LANIUS  SCHACH  SCHACH  Linne". 

Nineteen  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Changkowhsien,  Kingaohsien 
and  Ichang,  Hupeh,  and  Luchow,  Suifu,  and  Kiating,  Szechwan,  all  seasons, 
though  mostly  in  winter. 

LANIUS  LUCIONENSIS  Linne". 

Twenty-seven  specimens,  young  and  adults,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hsienshan, 
and  Fangshen,  Hupeh,  spring,  and  summer. 

PARIDAE. 

PENTHESTES  AFFINIS  (Prjevalsky). 

Four  adults,  both  sexes,  Lianghokow,  Yachiakun,  Shuowlow,  Tongolow, 
western  Szechwan,  at  altitudes  ranging  from  11,000  to  14,000  feet,  midsummer. 


184  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

PENTHESTES  HYPERMELAENA  (Berezowski  &  Bianchi). 

Seven  specimens,  both  sexes,  Hsienshanhsien,  Mafuling,  Fonghsien,  and 
Chetzekow,  Hupeh,  at  altitudes  ranging  from  5,000  to  7,000  feet,  winter  and 
spring. 

PENTHESTES  DEJEANI  (Oustalet). 

One  pair  of  adults,  taken  at  Nachuka,  western  Szechwan,  at  12,000  feet 
altitude,  August  14,  1908. 

While  we  hope  that  our  determination  of  the  three  species  of  Penthestes 
is  correct  we  must  admit  that  our  material  for  comparison  is  wholly  inadequate. 

LOPHOPHANES  DICHROIDES  Prjevalsky. 

Nine  adults,  both  sexes,  Tachiao,  Tongolow,  Shuowlow,  Wulungshih,  and 
Washan,  western  Szechwan,  9,000  to  14,500  feet,  summer,  and  autumn. 

PERIPARUS  ATER  AEMODIUS  (Blyth). 
One  adult  male,  Hsienshanhsien,  Hupeh,  5,500  feet,  December  10,  1907. 

PERIPARUS  RUFONUCHALIS  BEAVANI  (Jerdon). 

Sixteen  specimens,  both  sexes,  Washan,  Shuowlow,  Tongolow,  Wulungshih, 
and  Ramala  Pass,  western  Szechwan,  8,000  to  14,500  feet,  summer,  and  autumn. 

This  series  appears  wholly  referable  to  beavani  and  not  to  poecilopsis  Sharpe 
from  Yunnan;  the  latter  compared  with  the  former  is  described  as  much  paler 
below. 

PARDALIPARUS  VENUSTULUS  (Swinhoe). 

Thirty-two  specimens,  young  and  adult  of  both  sexes,  Hsientientze,  Ichang, 
Hsienshan,  Mafuling,  Kwatzeling,  Nochaping,  and  Fangshen,  Hupeh,  all 
seasons. 

PARUS  MAJOR  TIBETANUS  Hartert. 

Perfectly  characteristic  examples  of  this  form  with  an  extreme  amount 
of  white  in  the  tail,  were  taken  in  western  Szechwan  at  Tachienlu,  9,000  feet, 
Nachuka,  10,000  feet,  and  Kiating  in  midsummer.  Seven  skins  including  one 
young  cf  and  one  young  9  ,  and  adults  of  both  sexes  being  secured.  At  Omei- 
hsien,  Hochiang,  Lungchi,  and  Luluping  seven  skins  including  young  and  adults 
were  taken,  some  of  which  are  variously  intermediate  though  all  are  nearer 
tibetanus,  than  the  next  form. 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  185 

PARUS  MAJOR  ARTATUS  Thayer  &  Bangs. 

Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  May,  1909,  62,  p.  140. 

This  recently  described  form  occupies  the  very  central  part  of  China. 

Twenty-nine  specimens  including  young  and  adults,  were  taken,  at  all 
seasons  of  the  year  at  Ichang,  Hsientientze,  Chiliping,  Kwangpow,  Changyang- 
hsien,  and  Hsienshanhsien,  Hupeh. 

PARUS  MONTICOLA  MONTICOLA  (Vigors). 

Ten  adult  specimens,  both  sexes,  from  Ichang,  Chetzekow,  Kwangpow, 
and  Hsienshanhsien,  Hupeh,  and  Omeihsien,  Kiating,  and  Washan,  western 
Szechwan,  all  seasons. 

AEGITHALISCUS  CONCINNTJS  (Gould). 

Thirty  specimens,  young  and  adults,  both  sexes,  from  Ichang,  Yangchiata- 
miao,  Changyanghsien,  Hsienshanhsien,  and  Hsienshan,  Hupeh,  and  Kiating, 
Chienweihsien,  Wushanhsien,  Nanchihsien,  Chungking,  Luchow,  and  Chung- 
chowhsien,  Szechwan,  all  seasons. 

AEGITHALISCUS  BONVALOTI  (Oustalet). 

One  male,  not  in  fully  mature  plumage,  shot  at  Shuowlow,  western  Szechwan, 
14,000  feet  altitude,  August  21,  1908. 

AEGITHALISCUS  FULIGINOSUS  (Verreaux). 

Fourteen  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Hsientientze,  Hsienshanhsien, 
and  Fonghsien,  Hupeh,  winter,  and  spring. 

AEGITHALUS  GLAUCOGULARIS  (Gould). 

Twenty  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  from  Ichang,  Hupeh,  taken  at  all 
seasons. 

These  skins  are  all  referable  to  true  glaucogularis  and  not  at  all  to  calvus 
(Pleske)  which  is  said  to  range  through  Szechwan  to  central  China. 

REGULIDAE. 

SYLVIPARUS  MODESTUS  OCCULTUS,  sub.  sp.  nov. 

Type:— No.  50745  M.  C.  Z.  adult  9.  Western  Szechwan:  Kiating, 
November  15,  1908.  W.  R.  Zappey. 


186  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

Characters:  —  Similar  to  true  S.  modestus  Burton  of  the  Himalayas,  but 
much  grayer,  and  less  greenish  in  color  throughout;  upper  parts  dark,  grayish 
olive-green,  much  darker,  more  grayish,  less  brownish  than  in  true  S.  modestus; 
under  parts  dull,  grayish  pea-green,  very  different  from  the  pale  yellowish  olive- 
green  under  parts  of  true  S.  modestus. 

Measurements:  —  Type  adult  9  ,  wing,  54;  tail,  51.5;  tarsus,  15;  culmen,  7. 

Remarks: — -Although  we  have  but  a  single  example  this  is  so  different  in 
general  color  from  Himalayan  skins  that  it  represents  without  doubt  an  easily 
recognized  Chinese  subspecies. 

SITTIDAE. 
SITTA  SINENSIS  Verreaux. 

Twelve  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes  from  Ichang,  Kwatzeling,  Fonghsien, 
Putze,  Hsienshanhsien,  and  Changyanghsien,  Hupeh  in  altitude  up  to  6,500  feet, 
all  seasons. 

SITTA  MONTIUM  La  Touche. 

Five  specimens,  four  adults  of  both  sexes  and  one  young,  Nachuka,  12,000 
feet,  Ramala  Pass,  12,000  feet,  and  Yachow,  western  Szechwan,  midsummer. 

The  differences,  as  pointed  out  by  La  Touche,  distinguish  a  mountain  from 
a  lowland  form  of  the  Chinese  nuthatch  stand  out  so  strongly  in  our  series  and 
are  of  such  a  nature  that  taken  together  with  the  distribution,  would  indicate 
specific  rather  than  subspecific  rank  for  the  two  forms. 

SITTA  PRZEWALSKII  Berezowski  &  Bianchi. 

One  adult  female  shot  Aug.  18,  1908,  at  Shuowlow,  western  Szechwan, 
14,000  feet. 

This  specimen,  though  a  female  has  a  wholly  blue-black  crown  and  agrees 
minutely  with  the  original  description  of  the  type,  an  adult  male. 

CERTHIIDAE. 
CERTHIA  FAMILIARIS  KHAMENSIS  Bianchi. 

One  adult  <?,  Lianghokow,  western  Szechwan,  13,000  feet,  September  7, 
1908.  This  specimen  in  fine  fresh  plumage,  apparently  belongs  here,  and  is  not 
referable  to  C.  familiaris  bianchii  Hartert  recorded  from  northern  Szechwan. 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  187 

CERTHIA  HIMALAYANA  YUNNANENSIS  Sharpe. 

Three  adults,  two  females  and  a  male  Ramala  Pass  and  Nachuka,  western 
Szechwan,  12,000  to  13,000  feet  altitude,  August. 

TICHODROMA  MURARIA  (Linne"). 

Four  adults,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  and  Kiating,  Washan,  and  Kungya- 
hsien,  western  Szechwan,  winter. 


ZOSTEROPIDAE. 

ZOSTEROPS  SIMPLEX  Swinhoe. 

Four  adults,  both  sexes,  taken  in  spring,  and  summer  at  Hsienshan,  and 
Kwatzeling,  Hupeh. 

These  specimens,  while  probably  referable  to  Z.  simplex  rather  than  to  Z. 
mussoti  Oustalet  of  Szechwan,  which  was  not  observed  by  Mr.  Zappey,  show 
some  signs  of  being  intermediate;  they  have  smaller  bills,  and  the  black  line 
from  the  side  of  the  bill  to  and  below  the  eye  is  more  distinct  than  in  Z.  simplex; 
but  the  yellow  of  the  throat  does  not  extend  far  backward,  and  the  color 
agrees  with  that  of  Z.  simplex. 

DICAEIDAE. 

DlCAETJM    IGNIPECTUS   CYANONOTUM    Styan. 

Two  adult  males,  one  from  Hsienshan,  Hupeh,  June  7,  1907,  the  other 
Wahsien,  western  Szechwan,  April  2,  1908. 

This  well-marked  form  appears  to  be  rare,  and  the  two  specimens  taken  were 
the  only  ones  seen. 

NECTARINIIDAE. 

AETHOPYGA  DABRYI  (Verreaux). 

Twenty-one  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Hsientientze,  Mafuling, 
Wantaoshan,  Patung,  Hongsurkow,  Hupeh,  and  Washan,  western  Szechwan, 
all  taken  in  May,  and  June,  at  altitudes  up  to  10,000  feet. 


188  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

MOTACILLIDAE. 

MOTACILLA  ALBA  occuLARis  (Swinhoe). 

Eight  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  and  Kiating,  Szechwan,  all 
taken  in  September,  October,  and  November. 

MOTACILLA  ALBA  LEUCOPSIS  (Gould). 

Twenty  specimens,  adults  and  young  in  first  winter  plumage,  of  both  sexes, 
Ichang,  Hupeh,  January,  March,  September,  and  October. 

Motacilla  alba  baikalensis  (Swinhoe)  should  occur  in  this  general  region 
in  winter,  but  Mr.  Zappey  did  not  take  it.  All  adult  birds  in  our  series  are 
certainly  referable  to  M.  alba  leucopsis,  and  most  of  the  young  ones  have  the 
gray  of  the  back  more  or  less  marked  with  black,  and  we  consider  all  one  and  the 
same  form. 

MOTACILLA  ALBA  HODGSONI  (Blyth). 

Eight  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  and  two  young  in  nestling  plumage, 
Washan,  Hochianghsien,  Wanhsien,  Chiangchinghsien,  and  Tachienlu,  western 
Szechwan,  April,  May,  July,  and  October. 

The  two  nestlings  —  nearly  full-grown  —  were  shot  at  Tachienlu,  9,000  feet 
altitude,  July  23,  1908. 

MOTACILLA  BOARTJLA  MELANOPE  (Pallas). 

Nineteen  specimens,  adults  and  young  in  winter  plumage  of  both  sexes, 
Ichang,  Kweichowhsien,  Hongchikow,  Kwangpow,  Shuiyuehtze,  and  Chiliping, 
Hupeh,  and  Kiating,  Tachienlu,  Washan,  and  Tsaikow,  Szechwan,  all  seasons. 

A  nest  and  clutch  of  eggs  was  taken,  together  with  the  male  parent  bird, 
at  Washan,  western  Szechwan,  6,000  feet  altitude,  June  6,  1908. 

BUDYTES    CITREOLA    (Pallas). 

One  fine  male  in  full  spring  plumage,  Chiangaohsien,  Szechwan,  April  28, 
1908. 

BUDYTES  FLAVUS  BOREALIS  (Sundeval). 

Two  specimens  were  taken  at  Ichang,  Hupeh,  an  adult  male,  September  14, 
1907,  and  an  immature  male,  October  22,  1907. 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  189 

BUDYTES  FLAVUS  siMiLLiMus  (Hartert). 

Four  males,  two  in  adult  and  two  in  immature  plumage,  Ichang,  Hupeh, 
October  4,  Luchow,  April  26  (two  adult  males)  and  Yachiakun,  Szechwan, 
September  5,  1908. 

DENDRONANTHUS  INDICUS  (Gmelin). 
One  female,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  October  12,  1907. 

ANTHUS  HODGSON:  Richmond. 

Thirty-one  specimens,  young  and  adults,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hsienshan, 
Hsientientze,  Chetzekow,  Showlungtu,  Hupeh,  and  Washan,  Luchow,  and  Kiat- 
ing,  Szechwan,  all  seasons. 

A  two  thirds  grown  nestling  was  taken  at  Washan,  Szechwan,  at  8,000  feet 
attitude,  with  its  male  parent,  May  31,  1908. 

ANTHUS  RICHARDI  Vieillot. 

Seven  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes  and  one  young  male,  Ichang,  Hupeh, 
and  Luchow,  Nanchihsien,  Hongyalehsien,  and  Chungking,  Szechwan,  April, 
September,  October,  and  December.  A  young  male  with  some  of  the  feathers 
of  the  nestling  plumage  remaining  especially  on  the  shoulders,  head,  and  rump 
was  shot  at  Ichang,  October  19,  1907. 

ANTHUS  CERVINUS  (Pallas). 

Four  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  and  Chiangchinghsien,  Ho- 
chianghsien,  and  Wanchihsien,  Szechwan,  April,  and  September. 

ANTHUS  ROSEATUS  Blyth. 

Fourteen  specimens,  adults  and  young  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Showlungtan, 
and  Shentungchow,  Hupeh,  and  Yachiakun,  Tachienlu,  Suifu,  Ramala  Pass, 
Luchow,  and  Cheto,  Szechwan,  autumn,  spring,  and  summer.  In  the  breeding 
season  it  was  found  up  to  an  altitude  of  15,500  feet. 

Young  birds  with  much  of  the  nestling  plumage,  were  shot  during  August 
(16th,  30th)  at  from  13,500  to  15,500  feet  altitude. 

ANTHUS  SPINOLETTA  BLACKISTONI  (Swinhoe). 

Seven  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  and  Hsienshanhsien,  Hupeh,  March, 
and  December, 


190  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

ANTHUS  SPINOLETTA  JAPONICUS  (Temminck  &  Schlegel). 

Five  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  and  Washan,  and  Kiating, 
western  Szechwan,  February,  March,  October,  and  November. 


ALAUDIDAE. 
OTOCORIS  ELWESI  ELWESI  Blanford. 

Three  specimens,  adult  male  and  female  and  nestling,  nearly  full  grown, 
Lanerhyingpa,  western  Szechwan,  14,000  feet  altitude,  August  4,  1908. 

This  horned  lark  was  found  in  the  high  grass-lands,  of  what  is  really  eastern 
Tibet,  but  it  must  be  very  uncommon  there,  or  at  least  local,  in  the  breeding 
season,  as  one  little  family  only  was  seen. 

ALATJDA  GULGULA  GUTTATA  Brooks. 

Thirteen  specimens,  adults  and  young  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Tawan,  and 
Changyanghsien,  Hupeh,  and  Lochichen,  Washan,  and  Chiangchinghsien,  Sze- 
chwan, all  seasons. 

We  have  compared  this  series  with  the  greatest  care  with  all  material  avail- 
able including  a  series  from  Cashmir  in  the  U.  S.  national  museum,  from  which 
our  Chinese  birds  do  not  appear  to  differ;  Alauda  gulgula  guttata  is  without 
doubt  the  sky-lark  of  central  and  western  China. 

CALANDRELLA  BRACHYDACTYLA  DUKHUNENSIS  (Sykes). 

One  adult  male,  Juchi,  central  Szechwan,  April  20,  1908. 
This  skin,  like  those  in  the  U.  S.  national  museum,  recorded  from  Shensi 
by  Richmond,  belongs  to  the  larger  more  deeply  colored  eastern  subspecies. 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

CHLORIS  1  SINICA  (Linn6). 

Sixty-two  specimens,  adults  and  young,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  and  Yang- 
chiatamiao,  Hupeh,  and  Kiating,  Washanhsien,  Hochinghsien,  Juchi,  Chia- 
chiang,  Luchow,  and  Lungchi,  Szechwan.  All  seasons. 

In  the  low  lands  this  is  one  of  the  commonest  of  all  Chinese  birds,  coming 
about  the  houses  and  in  the  groves  that  surround  the  temples. 

1  We  see  no  necessity  for  using  Ligurinus  for  Chloris  as  Sharpe  does  in  volume  5  of  the  Hand  list. 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  191 

EOPHONA   MELANURA   MELANURA    (Gmelin). 

Thirty-four  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Ituhsien,  Changhsien,  Kungan- 
hsien,  and  on  the  Yangtze  near  Shasi,  Hupeh,  all  seasons. 

This  species  was  not  found  in  Szechwan  during  the  second  years  work. 

EOPHONA  MELANURA  MIGRATORIA  Hartert. 

Three  specimens,  a  male  and  two  females  all  taken  together  at  Ichang, 
April  30,  1907,  are  so  small,  and  with  such  very  small  bills  that  they  unquestion- 
ably belong  to  this  northern  form;  they  were  probably  migrating. 

COCCOTHRAUSTES   coccoTHRAUSTES  JAPONicus  (Temminck  &  Schlegel). 

One  pair,  the  only  individuals  of  this  species  seen  by  Mr.  Zappey  were  taken 
May  15,  1907,  at  Hongsurkow,  Hupeh,  at  6,000  feet  altitude. 

FRINGILLA  MONTIFRINGILLA  Linne". 

Thirty-one  specimens,  both  sexes,  Changyanghsien,  Hsienshanhsien,  and 
Kwangpow,  Hupeh  and  Washan,  western  Szechwan,  late  autumn,  and  winter. 

MONTIFRINGILLA  NEMORICOLA  NEMORICOLA  (Hodgson). 

Three  specimens,  an  adult  cf  taken  July  14,  1908  at  Yachiakun,  14,000  feet 
altitude,  and  an  adult  9  and  young  9  in  nestling  plumage,  August  30,  1908,  at 
Cheto,  western  Szechwan,  13,500  feet  altitude. 

PASSER  MONTANUS  MONTANUS  (Linne1). 

Thirty-one  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hsienshan,  Changyanghsien, 
and  on  the  Yangtze  near  Shasi,  Hupeh,  and  Washanhsien,  eastern  Szechwan. 
The  Tree  sparrow  appears  to  be  found  at  low  altitudes  only,  as  none  were  taken 
at  any  height  in  the  mountains. 

PASSER  RUTILANS  CINNAMOMEUS  (Gould). 

Eight  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Tachienlu,  Nachuka,  and  Lungchi, 
western  Szechwan,  all  at  high  altitudes,  up  to  12,000  feet.  Spring,  and  summer. 

These  skins  are  typical,  agreeing  exactly  with  examples  from  Sikkim  and 
Manipur. 

PASSER  RXJTILANS  RUTILANS  (Temminck). 

Fifteen  specimens,  both  sexes,  from  Ichang,  Hsienshanhsien,  Fangshen, 
Mafuling,  Wantaoshan,  Nochaping,  and  Tanshuiya,  Hupeh,  and  Omeihsien, 
western  Szechwan,  3,000  feet  altitude. 


192  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

All  of  these  skins  are  much  nearer  rutilans  than  cinnamomeus,  some  being 
quite  like  Japanese  specimens;  others  however  show  indications  of  being  inter- 
mediates, and  the  two  forms  without  much  doubt  intergrade  in  west  central 
China. 

Judged  solely  by  Mr.  Zappey's  experience,  rutilans  is  a  bird  of  lower  alti- 
tudes than  cinnamomeus;  it  is  also  more  eastern,  and  cinnamomeus  does  not 
appear  in  its  extreme  form  till  the  high  mountains  of  western  China  are  reached. 

CARPODACUS  ERYTHRINUS  ROSEATUS  (Hodgson). 

Fourteen  specimens,  both  sexes,  Hsienshan,  Hupeh,  and  Washan,  Ho- 
chianghsien,  Shuowlow,  and  Tachienlu,  Szechwan,  ranging  in  altitude  up  to 
13,000  feet,  all  seasons, 

CARPODACUS  1    DUBIUS  Prjevalsky. 

Fourteen  specimens,  young  and  adult  of  both  sexes,  Yachiakun,  Tongolow, 
Ramala  Pass,  Shuowlow,  and  Wulungshih,  western  Szechwan,  at  altitudes 
between  12,000  and  15,000  feet.  Summer,  and  autumn. 

CARPODACUS  PULCHERRIMUS  (Moore). 

Nineteen  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Yachiakun,  Tachienlu,  Ramala 
Pass,  Lanerhyingpa,  Nachuka,  and  Cheto,  western  Szechwan,  at  altitudes  of 
from  10,000  to  15,000  feet,  summer. 

CARPODACUS  EDWARDS:  Verreaux. 

Four  adult  females,  Washan,  and  Tachiao,  western  Szechwan,  at  altitudes 
ranging  from  8,000  to  12,000  feet;  summer,  and  autumn. 

CARPODACUS  RHODOPEPLUS  VERREAUXII  David. 

Three  specimens,  an  adult  female  from  Yachiakun,  14,000  feet,  and  an  adult 
male  and  female,  shot  together  at  Lianghokow,  western  Szechwan,  12,000  feet, 
August  8,  1908. 

The  two  females  agree  with  the  description  of  the  type  and  also  with  those 
of  later  authors,  all  of  which  were  based  on  the  type. 

The  adult  cf  is  in  rather  well-worn  midsummer  dress.  It  is  decidedly 
smaller  than  males  of  Carpodacus  rhodopeplus  rhodopeplus  (Vigors),  but  so  far 
as  color  is  concerned  it  differs  very  little  from  that  form.  It  appears  to  be 

1  We  see  no  advantage  in  recognizing  such  a  poorly  defined  genus  as  Propasser. 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  193 

paler,  more  rosy,  less  crimson  on  fore  neck  and  breast,  these  parts  being  little 
darker  than  the  belly;  but  this  difference,  very  likely,  is  due  to  fading  and  abra- 
sion as  there  is  a  suggestion  of  darker  more  crimson  coloration  about  the  chin 
and  throat  where  the  feathers  are  less  worn. 

The  three  skins  afford  the  following  measurements : — 

No.            Sex            Locality  Wing  Tail  Tarsus  Culmen 

50229  cT  ad.  Lianghokow  73.  65.  19.  11. 

50230  9   ad.  Lianghokow             71.  64.5  18.  11. 

50231  9   ad.  Yachiakun               74.  64.  18.5  11. 

CARPODACUS  VINACETJS  Verreaux. 

Six  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Wantaoshan,  and  Chetzekow,  Hupeh, 
and  Washan,  and  Kiating,  western  Szechwan,  summer,  and  autumn. 

LOXIA   CURVIROSTRA   HIMALAYENSIS   Blyth. 

One  adult  cf ,  Washan,  western  Szechwan,  October  27,  1908.  This  is  the 
only  time  that  Mr.  Zappey  observed  crossbills  though  for  a  long  time  he  was 
in  regions  where  they  might  be  expected  to  occur;  the  specimen  collected  was  one 
of  two  that  were  feeding  in  the  spruce  forest. 

PYRRHTJLA  ERYTHACA  ALTERA  Rippon. 

Twenty-one  specimens,  adult  and  young  of  both  sexes,  Hsienshanhsien, 
Mafuling,  and  Changyanghsien,  Hupeh,  from  5,000  to  6,000  feet  altitude  and 
Tachiao,  western  Szechwan,  12,000  feet  altitude,  all  seasons.  At  Tachiao 
this  bullfinch  was  quite  common  about  the  entrance  to  the  cave  in  which  Mr. 
Zappey  was  living  and  one  or  two  were  shot  every  morning  during  his  stay  there 
in  September. 

The  numerous  males  differ  very  much  as  to  the  color  of  the  under  parts; 
this  varies  from  rosy  scarlet  in  some  individuals  to  deep  chrome  in  others,  with 
the  bulk  of  the  series  showing  many  intermediate  shades  of  yellowish  red  or 
reddish  yellow.  The  upper  parts  in  the  males  are  invariably  clear  slate-gray, 
and  our  bird  is  without  doubt  the  same  as  the  western  Yunnan  form  named 
altera  by  Colonel  Rippon. 

URAGUS  SIBIRICUS  LEPIDUS  David  &  Oustalet. 

Four  adults,  two  males  and  two  females,  Nachuka,  and  Ramala  Pass,  western 
Szechwan;  taken  at  altitudes  of  from  10,000  to  12,000  feet,  in  August,  1908. 


194  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

EMBERIZA  PUSILLA  Pallas. 

Thirty-nine  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Yangchiatamiao,  Kwangpow, 
Changyanghsien,  Hsienshanhsien,  Kunganhsien,  and  Mafuling,  Hupeh,  and 
Foochow,  Omeihsien,  Kiating,  Hochianghsien,  Luluping,  Wushanhsien,  and 
Chiangchinghsien,  Szechwan,  winter,  and  spring. 

EMBERIZA  RUSTICA  Pallas. 

Twenty-four  specimens,  Ichang,  Hsienshanhsien,  Kunganhsien,  and  Chang- 
yanghsien, Hupeh,  winter,  and  early  spring. 

EMBERIZA  FUCATA  FUCATA  Pallas. 
One  female,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  September  29,  1907. 

EMBERIZA  ELEGANS  Temminck. 

Thirty-two  specimens,  Hsienshanhsien,  Changyanghsien,  Kwangpow,  Ho- 
chiaping,  Tawan,  Mafuling,  Hsienshan,  and  Wantaoshan,  Hupeh,  and  Kiating, 
Washan,  and  Luluping,  Szechwan. 

Most  of  these  specimens  were  taken  in  winter  and  early  spring,  but  in  1907, 
at  Mafuling,  Wantaoshan,  and  Hsienshan,  examples  in  worn  plumage  were 
secured  throughout  May  and  as  late  as  June  5,  and  again  in  1908  the  species  was 
found  at  Washan  from  May  23  to  June  8;  these  dates  indicate  that  the  birds 
were  breeding. 

EMBERIZA  CHRYSOPHRYS  Pallas. 

Five  males,  Ichang,  Hsienshanhsien,  and  Changyanghsien,  October,  De- 
cember, and  January. 

EMBERIZA  AUREOLA  Pallas. 

Seven  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  all  taken  in  autumn  except 
one  adult  male  taken  April  30. 

EMBERIZA  SPODOCEPHALA  SPODOCEPHALA  Pallas. 

This  form  winters,  perhaps  sparingly,  in  the  region  visited,  and  the  series 
collected  contains  some  undoubted  adult  males;  some  adult  females,  and  young 
birds  of  both  sexes  in  winter  plumage  we  are  unable  satisfactorily  to  distinguish, 
but  as  the  majority  of  adult  males  belong  to  the  resident  breeding  subspecies, 
it  is  probable  that  the  majority  of  females  and  young  also  belong  there. 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  195 

We  refer  to  this  form  four  skins  including  one  adult  cf  taken  at  Shanghai 
in  February,  1907,  one  adult  cf  from  Ituhsien,  Hupeh,  January  31,  1908,  and 
three  specimens  including  an  adult  male  from  Kiating,  western  Szechwan,  taken 
in  November,  and  December. 

EMBERIZA  SPODOCEPHALA  MELANOPS  Blyth. 

Twenty-two  specimens,  Ichang,  Kwangpow,  Hochiaping,  Changkowhsien, 
Kwatzeling,  and  Hsienshanhsien,  Hupeh,  and  Washan,  western  Szechwan,  all 
seasons.  Breeding  birds  were  taken  at  Kwangpow,  Hochiaping,  Kwatzeling, 
and  near  Ichang,  Hupeh,  and  at  Washan,  Szechwan.  At  the  latter  place  two 
nests  with  sets  of  eggs  were  taken,  June  3,  1908,  together  in  both  cases  with  the 
female  parent  bird.  It  is  not  difficult  to  separate  the  adult  male  of  this  resident 
form  from  adult  males  of  E.  spodocephala  spodocephala,  the  fore  neck  and  breast 
of  melanops  are  olive-green  instead  of  gray  and  its  belly  is  brighter  yellow. 

Adult  females  can  also  usually  be  distinguished,  but  immature  birds  killed 
in  winter  are  very  puzzling  and  their  identification  is,  we  believe,  largely  empirical. 

EMBERIZA  CIOIDES  CASTANEICEPS  Moore. 

Thirty-one  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Kwangpow,  Kwatzeling,  Hsien- 
shanhsien, Patunghsien,  Peimuping,  and  Changyanghsien,  Hupeh  and  Yiinyang- 
hsien,  Wanhsien,  and  Washan,  Szechwan,  all  seasons. 

EMBERIZA  YTJNNANENSIS  Sharpe. 

Thirty-three  specimens,  young  and  adults  of  both  sexes,  Hsienshanhsien, 
Tawan,  Kwangpow,  Hsientientze,  Changyanghsien,  and  Mafuling,  Hupeh,  and 
Tachienlu,  Hwaliangmien,  Washan,  Luitingchiao,  and  Nachuka,  Szechwan,  all 
seasons. 

A  set  of  eggs  together  with  the  female  parent  was  taken  at  Washan,  western 
Szechwan,  at  6,000  feet  altitude  June  7, 1908,  and  a  full-fledged  nestling  in  spotted 
plumage  was  shot  at  Tachienlu,  July  7,  1908. 

MELOPHUS  MELANICTERUS  (Gmelin). 

One  male,  Kiating,  western  Szechwan,  November  28,  1908.  One  other 
individual  of  this  species  was  seen  but  not  secured. 


196  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

PLOCEIDAE. 

UROLONCHA  SQUAMICOLLIS  Sharpe. 

Six  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes  and  one  young  male,  Kiating,  and  Chia- 
chianghsien,  western  Szechwan,  and  Changshowhsien,  eastern  Szechwan,  April, 
and  November. 

STURNIDAE. 

SPODIOPSAR  CINERACEUS  (Temminck). 

Ten  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Changkowhsien,  Ituhsien,  and  Ichang, 
Hupeh. 

SPODIOPSAR  SERICEUS  (Gmelin). 

Four  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  and  Kungyahsien,  western 
Szechwan,  October,  and  December. 

AGROPSAR  STURNINUS  (Pallas). 

Two  specimens,  male  and  female,  Ichang,  Hupeh,  September  16,  and  26, 
1907. 

AETHIOPSAR  CRISTATELLTJS  (Linne"). 

Twenty-seven  specimens,  adults,  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Hsienshan,  Chang- 
kowhsien, Changyanghsien,  Hupeh,  all  seasons. 

ORIOLIDAE. 

ORIOLUS  DIFFUSUS  Sharpe. 

Thirteen  specimens,  both  sexes,  from  Ichang,  Patung,  Hsientientze,  and 
Hsienyuehtze,  Hupeh,  and  Luluping,  and  Chinkowno,  western  Szechwan,  spring, 
summer,  and  early  autumn. 

DICRURIDAE. 

CHIBIA  HOTTENTOTTA  BREVIROSTRIS  (Cabanis). 

Eight  adults,  both  sexes,  Wantaoshan,  Hsienshan,  Fongshen,  and  Hsien- 
tientze, Hupeh,  and  Kwanerhyingpa,  western  Szechwan,  May,  June,  and 
October. 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  197 

A  nest  and  clutch  of  two  eggs  was  taken,  together  with  the  female  parent 
bird  at  Hsienshan,  Hupeh,  on  June  8,  1907. 

The  short-billed  Chinese  birds  when  compared  with  Indian  examples  seem 
to  constitute  a  perfectly  valid  race. 

BUCHANGA   ATRA   CATHOECA    Walden. 

Eighteen  specimens,  adults  and  young  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Peimuping, 
and  Hsienshenshan,  Hupeh,  and  Suifu,  Szechwan,  spring,  summer,  and  autumn. 

BUCHANGA  LEUCOGENYS  Walden. 

Six  adults,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Shinshenshan,  and  Fongshen,  Hupeh,  and 
Luluping,  Szechwan,  May  and  June. 


CORVIDAE. 

SlTOCORAX   PASTINATOR    (Gould). 

Nine  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes  Kunganhsien,  Changkowhsien,  Yang- 
tze near  Shasi,  Hupeh,  and  Kiating,  Hungyahsien,  and  Chiachianghsien,  Szechwan 
autumn  and  winter. 

CORVUS   CORAX   TIBETANUS    HodgSOH. 

One  adult  male,  Shuowlow,  western  Szechwan,  12,500  feet  altitude,  August 
21,  1908. 

CORVUS   MACRORHYNCHUS   LEVAILLANTII   LeSSOn. 

Thirteen  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Changyanghsien,  Hsien- 
tientze,  Hsienshanhsien,  Yangtze  near  Shasi,  and  Moshuiping,  Hupeh,  and 
Washan,  western  Szechwan,  all  seasons. 

CORVUS  TORQUATUS  Lesson. 

Ten  specimens,  both  sexes,  Ichang,  and  Changkowhsien,  Hupeh,  and 
Washan,  and  Chungchowhsien,  Szechwan,  all  seasons. 

CORVUS  CORONE  ORIENTALIS  Evermann. 

One  adult  female,  Washan,  western  Szechwan,  November  6,   1908. 

There  is  also  in  the  collection  a  young  crow  from  Tachienlu,  western  Sze- 
chwan at  10,300  feet  altitude  that  we  consider  this  species.  It  is  wholly  in 
nestling  plumage  and  was  about  two  thirds  grown.  It  was  taken  July  13,  1908. 


198  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

COLOEUS  NEGLECTUS  (Schlegel). 

One  old  female,  Tachienlu,  western  Szechwan,  10,000  feet  altitude,  July  20, 
1908. 

This  specimen  is  rather  larger  than  any  in  a  series  of  five  in  the  collection 
of  the  Museum  of  comparative  zoology  from  near  Pekin.  Its  wing  being,  240 
mm.  long,  as  contrasted  with  231  mm.  in  the  largest  of  the  Pekin  skins.  Tachien- 
lu is  also  well  beyond  the  known  range  of  C.  neglectus  and  very  probably 
more  specimens  would  show  that  a  large  race  of  the  Black  jackdaw  occupies 
this  region  as  well  as  a  large  race  of  C.  dauuricus.  We,  however,  hesitate  to 
make  such  a  separation  on  a  single  specimen. 

COLOEUS  DAUURICUS  DAUURICUS  (Pallas). 
Three  adults,  one  male  and  two  females,  Ituhsien,  Hupeh,  February. 

COLOEUS  DAUURICUS  KHAMENSIS  Bianchi. 

Six  specimens,  both  sexes,  including  four  adults  and  two  young,  Tongolow, 
and  Tachienlu,  western  Szechwan,  10,000  to  12,000  feet  altitude,  July,  and 
August. 

This  fine  large  form,  originally  described  from  Kham,  Tibet,  is  easily  dis- 
tinguished from  true  C.  dauuricus  not  only  by  greater  size,  but  by  the  slightly 
different  shade  of  its  belly.  Bianchi  (Ann.  Mus.  St.  Petersb.,  1903,  8,  p.  11) 
first  recorded  the  form  under  a  nomen  nudum,  C.  major,  and  three  years  later, 
when  describing  it,  Bull.  B.  O.  C.,  16,  p.  68,  used  another  name,  C.  khamensis. 
Sharpe,  however,  in  the  Hand  List,  gives  both  names,  apparently  overlooking 
the  fact  that  they  apply  to  one  and  the  same  form. 

NUCIFRAGA  HEMISPILA  MACELLA  Thayer  &  Bangs. 

Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  May,  1909,  52,  p.  140. 

Two  specimens,  an  adult  male,  the  type,  from  Hsienshanhsien,  December 
11,  1907,  and  an  adult  female  from  Tachienlu,  western  Szechwan,  September  23, 
1908. 

This  form  is  only  slightly  different  from  the  Himalayan  bird,  true  hemispila. 
It  is,  however,  smaller  and  has  a  shorter  and  thicker  bill,  but  the  pronounced 
character  of  the  white  spotting  in  the  Chinese  bird  does  not  hold  good  when 
compared  with  a  large  series  of  Indian  skins. 


THAYER  AND  BANGS:  AVES.  199 

PICA  PICA  SERICEA  Gould. 

Thirteen  specimens  young  and  adults  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  and  Changy- 
anghsien,  Hupeh,  and  Kiating,  Luluping,  and  Washan,  western  Szechwan,  all 
seasons. 

PICA  PICA  BOTTANENSIS  Delessert. 

Two  specimens,  youngish  male  and  female,  Shuowlow  near  the  Ramala 
Pass,  western  Szechwan,  at  12,500  feet  altitude,  August  22,  1908. 

These  birds  were  full  grown  and  had  wings  and  tail  as  in  the  adult;  in  the 
female  most  of  the  feathers  of  the  back  are  of  adult  plumage;  and  in  both,  the 
lesser  amount  of  white  on  the  primaries  is  very  evident.  These  specimens  may 
be  too  immature  to  have  acquired  the  wholly  black  back,  but  neither  show  any 
trace  of  a  pale  band  on  the  rump. 

CYANOPICA  CYANA  SWINHOEI  Hartert. 

Eleven  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  and  Changkowhsien,  Hupeh, 
all  seasons. 

UROCISSA  ERYTHRORHYNCHA  (Gmelin). 

Twenty-seven  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Ichang,  Kwangpow,  Shih- 
towya,  Hsienshanhsien,  and  Changyanghsien,  Hupeh,  and  Yachow,  Kiating,  and 
Chungchowhsien,  Szechwan,  all  seasons. 

GARRULUS  SINENSIS  Swinhoe. 

Twenty-seven  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes  and  one  young  female, 
Ichang,  Changyanghsien,  Hochaping,  Shihtowya,  Hsientientze,  Hsienshan, 
and  Hsienshanhsien,  Hupeh,  and  Luchow,  Changshowhsien,  Nachuka,  Washan, 
and  Luluping,  Szechwan,  all  seasons. 

This  series  shows  but  little  variation,  except  that  certain  specimens  have 
more  or  less  black  streaking  on  the  forehead  and  crown ;  and  this  variation  occurs 
occasionally  in  various  places. 

BOANERGES,  gen.  nov. 

Type: —  B.  internigrans,  sp.  nov. 

Characters: —  Similar  to  Perisoreus  (P.  infaustus)  but  bill  much  broader  and 
more  depressed  basally,  particularly  the  maxilla  (bill  but  §  as  high  as  broad  at 
base) ;  the  commissural  edges  of  maxilla  flattened  and  flaring  basally;  the  culmen 


200  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

much  more  flattened  especially  basally;  nasal  tufts  less  copious  and  more  bristly; 
tarsus  relatively  longer. 

Color: — Wholly  dark  gray  with  black  wings,  tail,  and  head;  bill  mostly 
dull  green. 

BOANERGES  INTERNIGRANS,  sp.  nov. 
Plate  6. 

Six  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes,  Shuowlow,  western  Szechwan,  14,000 
feet,  August  22  and  23,  1908. 

Type:— No.  52587  M.  C.  Z.  adult  cf.  Western  Szechwan:  Shuowlow, 
14,000  feet,  August  23,  1908.  W.  R.  Zappey. 

Color:  —  Head,  including  cheeks  and  chin,  wings,  and  tail  dull  black ;  rest 
of  body  dull  grayish  slate  color,  the  breast  and  chest  somewhat  flecked  with 
black;  bill  dull  light  greenish,  darker  at  base  and  along  sides  of  culmen;  tarsus 
and  foot  black. 

Measurements:  —  Type,  adult  cf,  wing,  167;  tail,  161;  tarsus,  42.5; 
culmen,  26.  No.  52591,  adult  9,  topotype,  wing,  165;  tail,  155;  tarsus, 
40.5;  culmen,  24. 

Remarks:  —  Mr.  Zappey  met  with  this  remarkable  species  only  at  Shuowlow 
where  he  found  it  in  small  numbers  in  the  coniferous  forest,  behaving  exactly, 
he  tells  us,  like  the  Canada  jay  of  North  America. 

PYRRHOCORAX  PYRRHOCORAX  (Linn6). 

Eleven  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes  and  young,  Tachienlu,  and  Cheto, 
western  Szechwan,  9,000  to  12,000  feet,  summer. 

The  Chough  was  abundant  in  the  high  mountains  in  western  Szechwan 
but  was  not  met  with  in  Hupeh. 

GRACULUS  GRACULUS  (Linn6). 

Four  adult  males,  Tachienlu,  and  Yachiakun,  western  Szechwan,  14,000  to 
15,000  feet,  summer. 

The  Alpine  chough  was  decidedly  rarer  than  the  last  species  and  occurred 
only  at  greater  altitudes,  from  14,000  feet  or  thereabouts,  upward;  still  at  these 
lofty  elevations  it  was  constantly  seen  flying  about  like  a  swallow  and  now  and 
then  settling  in  the  villages  to  feed  on  Yak  excrement. 


MAMMALIA. 

BY  GLOVER  M.  ALLEN. 

The  splendid  collection  of  mammals  made  by  Mr.  Zappey  in  the  Provinces 
of  Hupeh  and  Szechwan  numbers  some  375  well-prepared  skins,  together  with 
a  few  trade  skins  and  several  large  skulls  and  horns.  The  lack  of  comparable 
material  has  made  the  determination  of  some  of  the  species  rather  difficult 
especially  in  the  case  of  the  genera  Epimys  and  Apodemus,  of  which  a  number  of 
closely  allied  forms  inhabit  southeastern  Asia.  Although  Pere  David  collected 
with  considerable  thoroughness  in  parts  of  Szechwan,  and  later  travellers  have 
sent  collections  of  mammals  to  Europe,  there  appear  to  be  several  species  among 
the  smaller  rodents  that  have  hitherto  escaped  notice.  Of  these,  perhaps  the 
most  interesting  are  two  very  well-characterized  species  of  voles  belonging  to 
the  subgenus  Eothenomys,  and  a  very  dark  brown  Craseomys,  also  apparently 
new,  which  is  the  most  southeastern  Asiatic  species  yet  found,  for  voles  seem 
to  be  few  in  southern  China. 

All  measurements  are  in  millimeters  and  colors  are  according  to  Ridgway's 
Nomenclature  of  colors. 

BOVIDAE. 

BUDORCAS  TIBETANUS  (Milne  Edwards). 

In  the  mountains  at  Lianghokow,  western  Szechwan,  Mr.  Zappey  obtained 
a  fine  adult  female  and  at  Washan  two  young  Takins.  Milne  Edwards  (1868-74) 
who  figured  this  animal  and  described  its  skeleton  at  some  length,  considered 
it  a  race  of  B.  taxicolor  of  the  Mishmi  Hills.  Lydekker  in  the  London  Field 
(1908,  111,  p.  790)  proposed  the  name  Budorcas  taxicolor  mitchelli  for  a  gray- 
colored  female  received  by  the  British  Museum  from  Szechwan,  supposing  it 
to  represent  a  different  race  from  the  darker  animal  found  in  the  same  localities. 
Later,  however,  after  comparison  of  specimens  he  (1908a,  p.  795)  reached  the 
conclusion  that  the  difference  in  color  was  merely  sexual,  and  that  B.  taxicolor 
was  specifically  distinct  from  B.  tibetanus  of  Szechwan.  In  a  communication 
to  the  London  Field,  19  March,  1910,  116,  p.  520,  he  further  records  a  gray 
male  from  Szechwan,  apparently  indicating  that  the  two  color  phases  are  inde- 
pendent of  sex.  The  adult  female  secured  by  Mr.  Zappey  represents  the  gray 
phase. 


202  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

NAEMORHEDTJS  GRISEUS  Milne  Edwards. 

In  his  review  of  this  genus,  Pocock  (1908,  p.  173)  has  shown  that  the  several 
varieties  of  Gorals  described  from  southwestern  China  are,  for  the  present  at 
least,  best  referred  to  the  one  species,  N.  griseus;  whose  range  is  rather  extensive 
in  the  highlands  of  that  part  of  the  country.  A  series  of  seven  specimens,  young 
and  old,  of  both  sexes,  was  collected  by  Mr.  Zappey,  and  these  show  a  fairly 
close  agreement  in  color.  Four  were  shot  at  Ichanghsien,  one  at  Patunghsien, 
Hupeh,  and  two  at  Liuyang,  in  Western  Szechwan  at  an  altitude  of  7,000  feet. 
The  variations  shown  by  the  Ichanghsien  skins  are  quite  as  described  by  Pocock 
for  specimens  in  the  British  museum  from  the  same  region,  and  I  am  unable  to 
distinguish  these  from  specimens  taken  in  western  Szechwan.  The  same  varia- 
tion in  the  horns  described  by  Pocock  is  likewise  present  in  the  series  studied. 
In  adults  from  the  same  locality,  there  are  some  in  which  the  horns  curve  sharply 
backward,  and  others  in  which  they  are  straighter  and  nearly  in  the  same  plane 
with  the  frontal  outline.  These  differences  are  rather  striking  at  first  but  seem 
to  be  wholly  individual. 

CAPRICORNIS  ARGYROCHAETES  (Heude). 

Two  specimens,  adult  females,  from  Washan  in  western  Szechwan,  agree 
in  having  no  white  on  the  knee  or  fetlock,  but  instead  these  portions  are  light 
buff  and  the  anterior  side  of  the  fore  leg  below  the  knee  (metacarpals)  is  blackish, 
with  a  slight  admixture  of  reddish  (nearly  light  "hazel")  hairs.  The  gray 
rather  than  white  mane  is  noticeable  in  both  specimens.  These  characters  are 
pointed  out  by  Pocock  (1908,  p.  185)  in  his  review  of  the  Serows,  as  characteriz- 
ing this  race,  of  which  he  also  mentions  two  specimens  in  the  British  Museum 
one  from  Szechwan,  obtained  from  Berezowski  in  1896,  the  other  a  mounted 
specimen  said  to  have  come  from  "Tibet"  which  has  been  made  the  subject  of  a 
communication  by  Lydekker  (1905,  p.  329,  pi.  8).  In  a  further  communication 
Lydekker  (1908b)  maintains  the  specific  rank  of  this  Serow. 

The  two  specimens  shot  by  Mr.  Zappey  were  measured  by  him  as  follows:  - 

/ 

Height  at 
Orig.  No.         Length.  Tail.         Hind'Fool.    Shoulder. 

175  1590  115  380  860 

176  1675  120  388  $00 

The  iris  is  described  as  hazel.     The  first  animal  is  much  the  younger  with  horns 
125  mm.  long;  the  second  has  considerably  longer  horns,  measuring  215  mm.  in 


ALLEN:  MAMMALIA.  203 

length,  in  a  straight  line  from  base  to  tip.     They  are  slightly  curved  backward 
and  divergent. 

A  single  skull  obtained  from  the  natives  in  the  Province,  probably  also 
represents  this  subspecies,  as  it  agrees  with  the  two  other  skulls  in  the  great 
breadth,  46  mm.,  of  the  combined  nasals  (these  are  48.5  and  42  mm.  respectively 
in  the  two  other  skulls).  By  some  accident  the  left  horn  core  of  this  skull  had 
been  broken  off,  but  was  completely  covered  by  horn,  smoothly  worn. 

In  addition  to  the  skins  and  skulls,  Mr.  Zappey  brought  back  a  half  dozen 
pairs  of  horns,  still  attached  to  the  occipital  portion  of  their  respective  skulls. 
These  are  without  data  and  hence  are  not  subspecifically  identifiable.  The 
largest  pair  measures  from  the  base  at  the  outer  side  to  the  tip  in  a  straight  line, 
257  mm.  This  pair  is  further  remarkable  in  that  the  horns  instead  of  diverging 
evenly  from  the  base,  after  bowing  out  slightly  for  the  first  three  quarters  of  their 
length  are  approximated  toward  their  tips  so  that  the  latter  are  scarcely  33  mm. 
apart. 

CAPRICORNIS  SUMATRENSIS  MILNE  EDWARDSI  (David). 

A  skin  with  skull,  taken  at  Tachienlu,  western  Szechwan,  at  an  altitude  of 
10,000  feet,  seems  undoubtedly  to  represent  this  eastern  Tibetan  Serow,  which 
here  must  be  nearly  at  the  eastward  limit  of  its  range.  The  coloration  of  the 
fore  legs,  which  is  considered  of  diagnostic  value  in  separating  the  various  races 
of  Serows,  is  nearly  uniform  cinnamon  rufous  with  some  admixture  of  buffy 
hairs,  but  no  suggestion  of  the  dark  blackish  metacarpal  patches  of  the  race 
argyrochaetes.  The  mane  is  also  rather  more  conspicuously  whitish.  In  the 
skull,  which  is  that  of  an  adult  male,  the  greatest  combined  breadth  of  the  nasals 
is  markedly  less  (33  mm.)  than  in  the  skulls  of  the  latter,  and  the  entire  nasal 
region  is  more  arched  and  laterally  compressed. 

I  have  followed  Pocock  and  Lydekker  in  considering  this  Serow  as  a  race 
of  the  type  species  from  Sumatra.  It  seems  probable,  however,  that  it  might 
with  equal  propriety  be  considered  a  distinct  species  as  their  ranges  have  not 
been  shown  to  be  strictly  continuous. 

CERVIDAE. 

ELAPHODUS  CEPHALOPHUS  Milne  Edwards. 

An  adult  female,  from  Putze,  Hupeh,  agrees  in  cranial  proportions  with 
those  given  by  Milne  Edwards  for  his  specimens  from  Moupin.  The  collector's 


204  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

measurements  in  the  flesh,  are: — total  length,  1700  mm.;   tail,  70  mm.;   hind 
foot,  440  mm.;  height  at  shoulder,  about  720  mm. 

The  skull,  compared  with  that  of  topotypes  of  E.  michianus  from  Ningpo, 
in  the  collection  of  the  Museum,  shows  strikingly  larger  proportions  than  the 
small  coastal  form,  and  as  pointed  out  by  Lydekker,  the  two  animals  are 
probably  distinct  species.  The  latter  author  has  recently  (1904)  described  as 
new  the  tufted  deer  of  Ichang  (Elaphodus  ichangensis)  on  the  basis  of  two  skins 
and  skulls  from  that  vicinity.  But  one  of  these  is  adult  and  though  the  differ- 
ences between  the  supposed  new  form  and  michianus  are  apparent  enough,  the 
only  character  separating  ichangensis  from  cephalophus  is  the  supposed  greater 
size  of  the  latter.  Lydekker  gives  the  "basicranial  length"  of  the  male  Ichang 
deer  as  6|  inches,  against  7j  inches  for  the  corresponding  measurements  of  a 
female  cephalophus.  This  dimension  in  our  adult  female,  from  the  same  province 
as  ichangensis  is  about  7i  inches.  For  the  present,  therefore,  it  seems  prefer- 
able to  consider  our  specimen  as  representing  cephalophus. 

MUNTIACUS  LACRYMANS  (Milne  Edwards). 

Hilzheimer  (1906),  has  described  a  new  Muntjac  under  the  name  of  Cervulus 
sinensis,  basing  his  diagnosis  on  a  single  skin  and  skull  from  Kiukiang  on  the 
middle  Yangtze.  The  characters  given  are  of  a  comparative  nature  and  some- 
what intangible,  but  the  author  considers  his  new  species  to  be  intermediate 
between  the  coastal  reevesi  and  the  upland  lacrymans  described  from  Moupin. 
Mr.  Zappey  obtained  a  series  of  seven  skins  and  skulls  from  Ichanghsien  and 
Changyanghsien,  Hupeh,  which  should  therefore  probably  represent  sinensis. 
I  am  unable,  however,  to  find  any  characters,  that  might  not  be  other  than 
individual  peculiarities,  to  distinguish  these  from  lacrymans  as  described  by 
Milne  Edwards.  The  distinctive  features  of  the  skull  claimed  by  Hilzheimer 
do  not  seem  to  be  constant  in  the  series  studied,  and  until  more  detailed  com- 
parisons can  be  made  with  typical  specimens  it  seems  better  to  consider  the  latter 
as  representing  lacrymans.  A  similar  conclusion  has  been  reached  by  Professor 
Matschie  (1908).  No  doubt  the  two  species  reevesi  and  lacrymans  will  be  found 
to  intergrade,  and  thus  to  constitute  geographical  races  rather  than  distinct 
species. 

HYDRELAPHUS  INERMIS  (Swinhoe). 

A  fine  series  of  eighteen  water  deer  was  obtained  in  Hupeh,  all  at  or  near 
Kwangtitze,  on  the  Yangtze  River.  The  type  locality  of  inermis  is  Chinhiang 
near  the  mouth  of  this  same  river.  Hilzheimer  (1906),  has  described  as  new, 


ALLEN:  MAMMALIA.  205 

Hydropotes  kreyenbergi  on  the  basis  of  a  single  male  skull,  unaccompanied  by 
skin,  from  Hankow,  also  on  the  Yangtze,  in  east  central  Hupeh.  Our  specimens 
should  thus  be  referable  to  the  latter  species  if  it  is  really  distinct,  but  this  does 
not  seem  clear  from  the  material  at  present  available.  Hilzheimer  bases  his 
distinction  on  slight  cranial  differences,  which  may  be  more  or  less  individual 
and  which  are  mainly  derived  from  a  comparison  of  figures.  These  differences 
are  chiefly: —  (1)  in  inermis  the  rostral  portion  of  the  skull  in  front  of  the  orbit 
is  about  thrice  the  length  of  the  orbit,  while  in  kreyenbergi  it  is  but  2z  times  this 
distance;  (2)  the  least  breadth  of  the  combined  nasals  is  in  inermis  somewhat 
more  than  |  their  greatest  combined  breadth;  whereas  in  kreyenbergi  they  are 
so  narrow  that  their  least  combined  breadth  is  at  most  equal  to  one  half  their 
greatest  combined  breadth;  (3)  in  kreyenbergi  the  upper  rim  of  the  orbit  is  so 
protuberant  that  in  profile  view  it  hides  the  median  roof  of  the  skull  at  that 
point,  which  is  not  the  case  in  inermis. 

In  the  skulls  from  Hupeh,  these  characters  are  not  borne  out.  Thus  in  a 
male  from  Kwangtitze,  the  nasals  are  hardly  narrowed  distally  and  at  the  narrow- 
est point  their  combined  breadth  is  exactly  three  fourths  the  total  width  at 
the  widest  point  as  in  inermis.  The  orbit  is  contained  three  times  and  a  slight 
fraction  in  the  length  of  the  preorbital  part  of  the  skull,  and  the  upper  orbital 
rim  is  on  a  level  with  the  interorbital  parietes.  The  series  shows  more  or  less 
individual  variation  in  all  these  characters,  and  the  females  as  a  rule  have  rather 
narrower  nasals  and  a  more  compressed  rostrum  than  the  males.  Unless  there- 
fore, other  characters  can  be  discovered,  the  water  deer  of  the  upper  and  the 
lower  Yangtze  must  be  -considered  identical. 

MOSCHUS  SIPANICUS  Buchner. 

Owing  to  ceaseless  persecution  by  the  Chinese,  the  Musk  deer  has  been 
nearly  exterminated  in  the  country  where  Mr.  Zappey  collected.  The  musk 
glands  are  keenly  sought  and  much  esteemed  by  the  Chinese.  In  the  moun- 
tains of  western  Szechwan,  at  Shuowlow,  a  single  male  was  shot  at  an  altitude 
of  14,000  feet.  Although  others  were  seen  they  were  so  shy  that  it  was  impossible 
to  approach  within  range. 

SUIDAE. 
Sus  MOUPINENSIS  Milne  Edwards. 

Near  Tachienlu,  in  western  Szechwan,  the  skull  of  a  wild  pig  was  procured, 
which  undoubtedly  represents  Milne  Edwards's  Sus  moupinensis.  The  skull  is 


206  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

that  of  an  old  female,  with  the  teeth  all  present,  yet  greatly  worn  down.  The 
condylar  region  has  been  broken  away,  but  otherwise  the  specimen  is  in  excellent 
condition.  Apparently  no  recent  comparisons  have  been  made  between  this 
species  and  those  close  to  it  geographically,  nor  am  I  able  to  throw  further  light 
on  its  relationships,  though  allowing  for  the  worn  condition  of  the  teeth  in  the 
specimen  studied,  it  seems  rather  close  to  the  Indian  Sus  cristatus.  The  vertex 
of  the  skull,  however,  is  strikingly  broader.  The  following  measurements  in 
millimeters  are  taken  from  this  skull : —  greatest  width  at  vertex,  63 ;  greatest 
postorbital  width,  120;  greatest  zygomatic  width,  142;  length  from  median 
border  of  vertex  to  tip  of  nasals,  306;  length  of  nasals,  174;  greatest  combined 
width  of  nasals,  35;  palatal  length,  222;  upper  molar  row,  130;  lower  molar 
row,  115;  length  of  mandible,  282;  last  upper  molar,  37  X  22;  last  lower  molar, 
41.5  X  19. 

LEPORIDAE. 
LEPUS  SWINHOEI  FILCHNERI  (Matschie). 

A  series  of  nine  winter  and  two  summer  skins  with  skulls,  appears  to  repre- 
sent this  inland  race  of  the  common  Chinese  hare.  All  were  taken  in  Hupeh 
in  the  region  about  Ichang-,  but  none  was  obtained  in  the  more  western  province 
of  Szechwan.  These  specimens  agree  well  enough  in  color  with  those  described 
by  Swinhoe  and  Matschie,  though  without  topotypes  of  the  Chefoo  hare  of  Swin- 
hoe,  no  direct  comparison  can  be  made.  With  the  latter,  indeed,  Thomas  has 
suggested  that  filchneri  of  Matschie  is  identical,  but  Dr./.  A.  Allen  (1909,  p.  426) 
considers  that  it  is  probably  a  valid  subspecies  and  points  out  that  inland  animals 
from  southern  Shensi  have  shorter  rostra  than  those  from  the  coast  as  indicated 
by  Swinhoe's  measurements  (1870,  p.  449).  On  this  account  and  on  the  proba- 
bility that  the  inland  animals  would  be  slightly  differentiated  from  those  on  the 
coast  1,200  miles  away,  Dr.  Allen  deems  it  best  to  regard  Matschie's  Lepus 
filchneri  from  southern  Shensi  as  a  distinct  race,  although  the  original  descrip- 
tion contains  nothing  that  is  particularly  diagnostic.  Our  specimens  agree 
with  those  from  Shensi  in  the  shortness  of  the  measurement  from  the  postorbital 
notch  to  the  tip  of  the  nasals  as  compared  with,  that  given  by  Swinhoe  for  his 
Chefoo  hare. 

Thomas  has  further  indicated  that  Matschie's  Lepus  stegmanni  is  doubtless 
synonymous  with  L.  swinhoei  or  the  present  subspecies,  since  the  speckling  of 
the  black  upper  tail  surface  with  lighter  hairs  is  not  a  constant  character  but 


ALLEN:  MAMMALIA.  207 

occurs  occasionally  in  any  series  of  this  species  from  a  given  locality.     One  or 
two  of  the  specimens  studied  show  this  same  variation. 

LEPUS  SECHUENENSIS  deWinton  and  Styan. 

A  single  male  taken  at  the  Ramala  Pass,  in  western  Szechwan  represents 
this  species.  The  peculiar  grayish  blue  of  the  backs  of  the  ears,  and  of  the 
rump,  thighs,  and  tail  have  been  noted  by  the  describers  as  markedly  character- 
istic. The  ears  are  strikingly  long  and  the  hind  feet  are  stout  and  heavy.  The 
only  measurement  given  in  the  original  description  of  this  hare  is  that  of  the 
skull  length  —  97  mm.  The  following  are  the  dimensions  of  the  specimen 
studied: — total  length,  533  mm.;  tail,  70;  hind  foot,  120;  ear  from  anterior 
base  in  the  dried  skin,  130.  The  skull  measures: — greatest  length,  90.5  mm.; 
basal  length,  73;  palatal  length ,  40 ;  greatest  length  of  nasals,  36 ;  median  length 
of  nasals,  28;  greatest  breadth  of  nasals,  17;  zygomatic  breadth,  43;  mastoid 
breadth,  36;  greatest  breadth  outside  upper  molars,  22.7;  length  of  palatal 
foramen,  23.5;  mandible  from  condyle  to  tip  of  incisors,  72;  alveolar  length  of 
upper  tooth  row,  14.7;  alveolar  length  of  lower  tooth  row,  15. 

Notwithstanding  that  the  ears  are  longer  and  the  skull  larger  than  in  the 
preceding  species,  the  audital  bullae  are  notably  smaller. 

OCHOTONIDAE. 

OCHOTONA   HODGSONI    (Blyth). 

This  mouse-hare  seems  to  be  somewhat  widely  distributed  in  the  high 
mountains  of  western  Hupeh  and  Szechwan.  A  series  of  eleven  specimens  repre- 
senting various  ages,  was  collected  at  the  following  localities: — Fanghsien, 
9,000  feet;  Washan,  8,200  to  11,000  feet;  Lianghokow,  13,000  feet;  Tachiao, 
12,000  to  13,000  feet;  Shuowlow,  13,000  to  14,000  feet.  The  series  shows 
more  or  less  variation  in  color  from  a  general  cinnamon  to  nearly  bistre. 
The  under  parts  vary  according  to  age  or  season  from  grayish  white  to  pale  buff. 
The  pelage  when  fully  developed  is  remarkably  full  and  long.  Bonhote  in  his 
review  of  the  Old  World  species  of  this  genus,  records  specimens  of  hodgsoni 
from  eastern  Sikkim,  "Gannsu  in  N.  Thibet,"  and  from  Szechwan,  whence  also 
it  has  been  described  by  Milne  Edwards  under  the  name  "tibetanus."  The 
specimen  from  western  Hupeh  probably  marks  the  general  eastward  bounds  of 
its  range. 


208  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

OCHOTONA  HUANGENSIS  (Matschie). 

Professor  Matschie  (1908)  has  named  as  new  a  mouse-hare  of  the  daurica 
group  from  the  upper  Yangtze,  and  to  this  species  I  have  provisionally  referred 
an  immature  specimen  that  evidently  is  of  the  same  group.  Its  coloration  above 
is  a  general  dark  gray,  buffy  behind  the  ears  and  on  the  neck,  with  a  tuft  of  buffy 
hairs  at  the  inner  base  of  the  ear.  The  vibrissae  are  unusually  long,  mostly 
whitish,  and  the  pelage  is  very  fluffy,  almost  woolly.  It  was  taken  at  Yachiakun, 
in  western  Szechwan,  at  an  altitude  of  12,500  feet. 

OCHOTONA  ERYTHROTIS  (Biichner). 

Four  specimens  of  this  large  species  were  taken  at  Nachuka,  at  altitudes 
between  10,000  and  12,000  feet,  and  a  single  one  at  Ramala  Pass,  15,500  feet,  all 
in  western  Szechwan,  on  the  eastern  borders  of  Tibet.  The  species  is  known  from 
Kansu  and  from  the  Burchan  Budda  Mountains  of  northeastern  Tibet,  where 
it  was  obtained  by  the  Prjewalski  Expedition.  The  present  records  therefore 
extend  its  known  range  well  to  the  southward.  The  measurements  of  the  five 
adults,  as  taken  by  the  collector,  follow:— 


Hind 

No. 

Locality. 

Total  Length. 

Tail. 

Fool. 

7587 

Ramala  Pass 

191 

7 

35 

7588 

Nachuka 

165 

6 

34 

7589 

Nachuka 

204 

7 

35 

7590 

Nachuka 

203 

7 

35 

7591 

Nachuka 

215 

6 

35 

The  skull  of  No.  7591  measures:—  greatest  length,  48.2  mm.;  basal  length, 
40.5;  palatal  length,  19;  combined  incisive  and  palatal  foramina,  14 ;  zygbmatic 
breadth,  24.2;  interorbital  constriction,  5;  mastoid  breadth,  21.7;  mandible 
from  condyle  to  tip  of  incisor,  34.6;  upper  molar  row,  9;  lower  molar  row,  9. 

SPALACIDAE. 
RHIZOMYS  VESTITUS  Milne  Edwards. 

Five  specimens  of  this  Bamboo  rat  were  obtained  at  Washan,  in  western 
Szechwan,  at  from  8,000  to  9,000  feet  altitude.  The  species  was  described  by 
Milne  Edwards  on  the  basis  of  two  immature  examples  sent  by  Pere  David  from 
the  region  of  Kokonow,  northeastern  Tibet,  some  four  hundred  miles  north  of 
Washan.  Our  specimens  seem  to  represent  the  same  species,  however,  though 
the  measurements  differ  slightly.  Milne  Edwards  intimated  that  the  dimensions 


ALLEN:  MAMMALIA.  209 

lie  gave  were  probably  not  maximum  and  this  is  undoubtedly  true.  Our  smallest 
specimen  is  immature,  and  its  skull  agrees  almost  exactly  in  size  and  proportions 
with  that  figured  by  the  describer.  The  four  others  are  adult  and  considerably 
larger.  The  collector's  measurements  of  these  follow:  — 


No. 
7560 

Total  Length. 
451 

Tail. 
89 

Hind  Foot. 
60 

7561 

434 

76 

58 

7562 

395 

61 

57 

7563 

386 

55 

52 

The  skull  of  No.  7562  measures:  —  greatest  length,  75  mm.;  basal  length, 
72;  palatal  length,  48.5;  zygomatic  breadth,  60;  mastoid  breadth,  36;  inter- 
orbital  constriction,  11;  mandible  from  condyle  to.  tip  of  incisor,  61.5;  alveolar 
length  of  upper  cheek  teeth,  17;  alveolar  length  of  lower  cheek  teeth,  15;  upper 
diastema,  24;  lower  diastema,  12.5. 

Three  of  the  four  adults  have  a  midventral  white  streak  on  the  chest. 


MURIDAE. 

MYOSPALAX  FONTANIERI  (Milne  Edwards). 

This  species  was  originally  described  on  the  basis  of  a  specimen  from  Pekin, 
and  later  Milne  Edwards  recorded  others  from  Siwan,  sixty  miles  to  the  north- 
west. Thomas  (1908a,  p.  978)  has  recently  recorded  the  species  from  the  Ordos 
Desert  in  the  Province  of  Shensi,  and  from  localities  in  the  Province  of  Shansi 
to  the  eastward.  Two  specimens  were  obtained  by  Mr.  Zappey  in  Hupeh,  at 
Showlungtan  and  Kongchikow  respectively,  constituting  apparently  the  most 
southeasterly  localities  yet  known  for  the  genus.  While  seemingly  representing 
Milne  Edwards's  species,  it  is  possible  that  they  may  eventually  prove  to  con- 
stitute a  slightly  different  race.  In  cranial  characters  they  agree  closely  with 
M.  fontanieri  as  figured  by  Milne  Edwards  in  his  "Recherches."  They  seem  to 
differ,  however,  in  the  absence  of  a  white  median  streak  in  the  forehead,  although 
in  both  our  examples  there  is  more  or  less  white  about  the  muzzle  and  on  the 
upper  and  lower  lips.  This  marking  was  believed  by  Milne  Edwards  to  be 
inconstant,  but  Thomas  found  some  trace  of  it  in  all  of  his  eleven  specimens 
from  Shensi  and  Shansi.  Moreover  the  nose  pad  in  our  two  specimens  is  pro- 
duced at  its  upper  median  border  into  a  somewhat  mitre-shaped  lobe  instead  of 
being  evenly  rounded  dorsally  as  figured  by  Milne  Edwards.  The  exact  value 
of  these  differences  is  not  clear  in  the  lack  of  material  for  comparison.  From 


210  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

M .  cansus  they  differ  in  smaller  size,  and  from  the  recently  described  M.  rufes- 
cens  in  this  and  certain  cranial  characters  as  noted  by  Dr.  J.  A.  Allen  (1909). 
The  measurements  of  the  two  specimens  as  taken  by  the  collector  are :  — 

No.  Sex.       Total  Length.      Tail.       Hind  Foot. 

7130  9  193  38  31 

7131  cf  190  35  27 

The  skulls  show  that  the  two  specimens  are  nearly  comparable  in  age,  yet 
that  of  the  female  is  the  smaller.  Thomas  has  pointed  out  the  fact  that  the 
skulls  of  M .  cansus  show  a  sexual  differentiation  of  a  similar  nature,  those  of  the 
males  being  markedly  the  larger.  The  dimensions  of  the  two  skulls  follow, 
those  of  the  male  in  each  case  first:  —  greatest  length,  39,  37;  basal  length, 
33.5,  31;  palatal  length,  21,  19.5;  diastema,  11.3,  11.2;  zygomatic  breadth, 
26.5,  24.4;  interorbital  constriction,  8,  8;  mastoid  breadth,  21.8,  18.5;  median 
length  of  nasals,  14.4,  13.5;  mandible  from  condyle  to  tip  of  incisor,  27.2,  25.8; 
upper  molar  row,  9.5,  8.4;  lower  molar  row,  10,  9. 

MICROTUS  MANDARINUS  (Milne  Edwards). 

This  rare  mouse  is  represented  by  six  skins  and  skulls,  three  from  Ramala 
Pass  (at  16,000  feet)  and  three  from  Shuowlow  (13-15,000  feet),  in  western 
Szechwan  on  the  border  of  Tibet.  Milne  Edwards  described  this  field  mouse 
from  Chinese  Mongolia  where  it  was  obtained  by  Pere  David.  His  figure  and 
description  of  the  exterior  (Recherches  hist.  nat.  mammiferes,  1868-74,  p.  129, 
pi.  12,  fig.  4)  probably  refer  to  a  highly  colored  specimen  as  none  of  the  five 
studied  is  so  brightly  ochraceous  as  he  indicates,  though  in  other  respects  the 
agreement  is  close  enough.  In  his  figures  of  the  teeth  on  plate  13,  the  figures 
4c  and  4d  are  interchanged,  being  the  lower  and  upper  molar  series  respectively. 
All  our  specimens  agree  in  color,  having  the  dorsal  surfaces  a  finely  grizzled 
mixture  of  ochraceous  and  black-tipped  hairs,  the  lower  surfaces  gray,  with 
plumbeous  bases  to  the  hairs.  The  tail  is  short  and  bicolor  like  the  body. 

The  measurements  in  the  flesh  of  five  specimens  are :  - 


No. 

Length. 

Tail. 

Hind  Foot. 

7793 

120 

28 

17 

7794 

123 

23 

16 

7795 

119 

23 

16 

7796 

12S 

24 

16 

7797 

134 

27 

17 

The  skull  of  No.  7796  measures:  —  total  length,  23  mm.;  basal  length,  21; 
palatal    length,   13;    zygomatic    breadth,   13.6;    interorbital  constriction,  3.7; 


ALLEN:  MAMMALIA.  211 

mastoid  breadth,  11;   mandible  from  condyle  to  tip  of  incisor,  17;   upper  molar 
row,  5.4;  lower  molar  row,  5.3. 

Mr.  Oldfield  Thomas  (1909,  p.  976)  has  recorded  two  specimens  of  this 
species  from  the  Province  of  Shansi,  twelve  miles  northwest  of  Kolanchow  at 
an  altitude  of  7,000  feet. 

MICROTUS  CHINENSIS  Thomas. 

The  type  of  this  vole  was  taken  from  the  stomach  of  a  snake  at  Kiatingfu 
in  western  Szechwan.  At  Washan,  western  Szechwan,  Mr.  Zappey  obtained 
a  series  of  twenty-one  skins  at  altitudes  of  from  6,000  to  10,000  feet  and 
Thomas  (1911,  p.  175)  has  recorded  specimens  from  Omeihsien  and  23  miles 
south  of  Tachienlu.  The  remarkable  development  of  the  third  upper  molar, 
the  comparatively  long  tail,  the  presence  of  six  pads  on  the  sole  of  the  hind  foot, 
and  the  possession  of  four  mammae  are  peculiarities  already  pointed  out  by 
Thomas  and  used  by  Miller  as  the  basis  of  the  separation  of  this  species  as 
the  type  of  the  subgenus,  Anteliomys. 

MICROTUS  (EOTHENOMYS)  MELANOGASTER  (Milne  Edwards). 

Apparently  this  is  a  commonly  distributed  species  in  the  highlands  of 
southwestern  China.  Mr.  Zappey  obtained  specimens  from  Hsientientze  and 
Changyanghsien,  Hupeh,  and  from  Washan  in  western  Szechwan,  at  altitudes  of 
from  4,150  feet  at  the  second  locality  to  8,000  feet  at  the  last  named.  Thomas 
has  also  recorded  it  from  northwestern  Fukien.  One  specimen  of  our  series  is 
partially  albinistic  with  a  white  median  ventral  line  from  the  chin  to  a  point 
between  the  fore  legs  where  it  joins  a  small  white  patch  some  14  mm.  in  trans- 
verse diameter. 

The  measurements  of  an  adult,  No.  7800,  taken  in  the  flesh  by  the  collector, 
are:— total  length,  129  mm.;  tail,  39;  hind  foot,  16.  The  skull  of  No.  7802 
measures: — greatest  length,  23.4;  basal  length,  21.5;  palatal  length,  12.2; 
zygomatic  breadth,  13;  mastoid  breadth,  11;  interorbital  constriction,  4;  man- 
dible from  condyle  to  tip  of  incisor,  16.2;  greatest  depth  of  mandible  from  coro- 
noid  process,  7.6;  upper  cheek  teeth,  alveoli,  6;  lower  cheek  teeth,  alveoli,  6.1. 

MICROTUS  (EOTHENOMYS)  AURORA,  sp.  nov. 

Type: —  Skin  and  skull  No.  7788  M.  C.  Z.,  male,  from  Changyanghsien, 
Hupeh,  China.  February  2,  1909,  Walter  R.  Zappey. 


212 


SOME  CHINESE  VEHTEMIATES. 


General  Characters: —  Larger  than  M.  (Eothe-nomys)  melanogaster,  pelage 
long  and  soft,  ears  rather  small.  Color  reddish  brown  above,  and  dark  slate 
washed  with  brownish  below.  Skull  large,  with  rather  prominent  postorbital 
shelf-like  ridges;  teeth  essentially  as  in  M.  melanogaster,  but  the  third  upper  molar 
longer  and  with  a  long,  narrow  external  heel. 

Color: — Dorsal  surface  of  body,  forehead,  and  cheeks,  nearly  "tawny" 
of  Ridgway,  with  peculiar  bright  yellow  brassy  reflections.  The  individual 
hairs  are  about  11  mm.  long,  dark  slate-black  except  at  the  tips  which  are  tawny 
to  tawny-ochraceous;  mixed  with  these  hairs  are  others  of  the  same  fine  texture 
but  slaty  black  throughout,  so  that  a  general  tawny  appearance  is  produced  in 
which  the  black  is  less  conspicuous  than  in  those  species  that  have  the  black  hairs 
longer  than  the  general  body  hairs.  The  muzzle  is  a  grizzled  gray  without  tawny. 
Sides  of  the  body  hardly  lighter  than  the  back,  the  color  grading  insensibly  into 
that  of  the  ventral  surface  which  is  gray  washed  conspicuously,  except  on  the 
thighs  and  throat,  with  ochraceous  buff.  The  slaty  bases  of  the  hairs  show 
through  everywhere  so  as  to  darken  the  grayish  of  the  belly  but  not  to  such 

an  extent  as  to  produce  the  blackish  seen  in 
the  ventral  surfaces  of  M.  melanogaster. 

Tail  covered  with  short  blackish  hairs 
above,  which  become  slightly  grayish  below,  so 
that  the  tail  is  indistinctly  bicolor.  Feet  with 
short  brown  hairs,  nearly  Prout's  brown,  with 
grayish  reflections.  The  short  round  ears  are 
thinly  covered  with  minute  hairs  of  a  similar 
color. 

Skull: —  Compared  with  that  of  M.  melano- 
gaster, the  skull  is  larger  and  heavier,  with  more 
prominent  ridges  and  angles.  The  postorbital 
processes  protrude  as  narrow  shelf-like  ridges, 
and  the  zygomata  are  stouter  and  more  bowed. 
The  palate  is  marked  by  two  shallow  longi- 
tudinal grooves  that  end  posteriorly  each  in  a 
deep  pit  or  perforation  of  the  palate.  The 
hinder  margin  in  the  type  is  practically  straight  across,  though  in  another  speci- 
men it  is  slightly  protuberant  medially,  yet  not  forming  a  spinous  process. 

The  enamel  pattern  of  the  first  upper  molar  (Figs.  A,  B)  consists  of  four 
closed  triangles,  succeeded  by  a  fifth  space  in  which  the  two  folds  of  opposite 


Microlus  (Eothenomys)  aurora.  Type- 
No.  7788.  A,  Enamel  pattern  of  right 
upper  molars;  B,  Enamel  pattern  of 
right  lower  molars. 


ALLEN:  MAMMALIA.  213 

sides  are  confluent  medially.  There  are  three  salient  angles  externally  and  four 
internally.  The  second  upper  molar  is  essentially  similar  but  with  one  less 
triangle,  so  that  there  are  three  salient  angles  on  each  side  and  the  enamel  folds 
of  opposite  sides  are  partly  open  at  their  bases.  The  third  upper  molar  has  the 
usual  anterior  tranverse  prism  succeeded  by  two  nearly  opposite  folds,  then  a 
trefoil  of  three  lobes,  two  internal,  one  antero-external,  so  that  the  tooth  has  three 
external  and  four  internal  salient  angles  or  slightly  rounded  lobes. 

The  anterior  lower  molar  consists  of  an  anterior  closed  enamel  space  having 
one  external  and  two  internal  projections,  followed  by  three  transverse  spaces 
formed  by  the  confluence  medially  of  the  enamel  folds  of  opposite  sides.  This 
tooth  has  therefore  four  external  and  five  internal  salient  angles.  The  second 
lower  molar  is  of  the  usual  three  transverse  prisms  formed  by  the  confluence  of 
the  enamel  folds  of  opposite  sides.  The  third  lower  molar  is  similar  but  the 
external  reentrants  are  shallow  notches  while  those  of  the  internal  side  are  deep 
and  run  forward  at  a  strong  angle  to  the  longitudinal  axis.  Each  of  these  two 
last  teeth  has  thus  three  external  and  three  internal  angles. 

Measurements: —  The  measurements  of  the  type  and  three  other  specimens, 
taken  in  the  flesh  by  the  collector,  follow:— 


Total 

No. 
7788  Type. 
7185 

Length. 
148 
145 

Tail. 
43 
41 

Hind  Foot. 
18.5 
15 

7186 

147 

48 

17 

7188 

139 

40 

16 

The  skull  of  the  type  presents  the  following  dimensions: — •  greatest  length, 
25.8;  basal  length,  23.3;  palatal  length,  13;  zygomatic  breadth,  14.3;  interorbi- 
tal  constriction,  4.4;  mastoid  breadth,  11.8;  upper  diastema,  6.7;  mandible 
from  condyle  to  tip  of  incisor,  17;  alveoli  of  upper  molars,  6;  alveoli  of  lower 
molars,  5.8. 

Remarks: —  Four  specimens  of  this  interesting  species  were  secured  by  Mr. 
Zappey,  in  Hupeh,  three  at  Changyanghsien  and  one  at  Kwangpow.  It  is  a 
very  rusty-looking  animal  approaching  a  dark  Evotomys  in  color  above,  due  in 
part  to  the  suppression  of  black  hairs,  while  the  tawny  wash  on  the  belly  is 
remarkably  unlike  the  color  of  M .  melanogaster  or  the  next  species  about  to  be 
described.  In  these  respects  it  probab'y  approaches  M.  (Caryomys)  inez, 
recently  described  by  Mr.  Oldfield  Thomas  (1909,  p.  976)  from  the  mountains 
of  Shansi  and  differs  equally  from  his  newly  described  M.  melanogaster  eleusis 
from  northern  Yunnan  which  it  approaches  in  size.  It  is  noteworthy  that  Mr. 


214  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

Zappey  did  not  find  any  representative  of  the  subgenus  Caryomys  (Thomas, 
1911,  p.  175),  four  species  of  which  are  now  known,  alcinous,  inez,  nux,  and  eva. 

MlCROTUS    (EOTHENOMYS)    MUCRONATUS,   Sp.    HOV. 

Type:— Skin  and  skull  No.  7789  M.  C.  Z.,  female  adult,  from  Tachiao, 
western  Szechwan,  at  an  altitude  of  12,000  feet.  August  11,  1908,  Walter  R. 
Zappey. 

General  Characters: — A  large  Eothenomys,  with  larger. ear  and  hind  foot, 
browner  color,  longer  and  fuller  pelage  than  M.  melanogaster.  Skull  larger 
than  that  of  M.  aurora  with  distinctly  bowed  zygomata,  broader  muzzle,  and 
with  deeper  palatal  grooves  and  a  prominent  median  spine  at  the  posterior  edge 
of  the  bony  palate.  Third  upper  molar  with  but  six  prominent  angles  and  its 
posterior  heel  nearly  bilaterally  symmetrical. 

Color:  —  Entire  upper  surface  of  the  body  a  fine  grizzle  of  blackish  hairs 
and  hairs  with  cinnamon-rufous  tips,  producing  a  general  "mummy  brown" 
tone.  The  bases  of  the  hairs  are  dark  slaty  black,  with  the  cinnamon-rufous 
confined  to  a  space  of  a  millimeter  or  two  at  the  tip.  Under  a  lens,  many  of  these 
rusty-tipped  hairs  are  seen  to  have  a  very  fine  darker  point.  The  lower  surfaces, 
including  the  upper  lips  and  base  of  the  nose  are  dark  slate  color  with  a  very 
slight  buffy  wash  between  the  fore  legs.  Feet  and  tail  covered  with  short  hair- 
brown  hairs,  those  of  the  latter  slightly  paler  ventrally. 

Skull:  —  In  general  appearance  the  skull  is  like  that  of  a  large  M .  melano- 
gaster but  the  zygomata  are  more  bowed.  The  palatal  region  shows  several 
striking  peculiarities.  The  palatal  grooves,  which  in  melanogaster  are  so  shallow 
as  to  be  scarcely  appreciable,  in  mucronatus  are  deep  and  conspicuous,  running 
one  from  each  of  the  incisive  foramina  to  near  the  posterior  edge  of  the  palate, 
where  in  both  species  they  end  in  two  pit-like  perforations.  The  bony  palate 
instead  of  ending  in  an  evenly  truncated  shelf,  has 'a  prominent  median  spine 
as  in  M.  chinensis  of  the  related  subgenus  Anteliomys.  The  lower  jaw  is  very 
massive  and  strikingly  broad  in  side  view  as  compared  with  M.  aurora  and  M. 
melanogaster. 

The  teeth  are  essentially  as  in  the  latter  species,  but  much  heavier  through- 
out (Figs.  C,  D) .  The  first  upper  molar  shows  the  usual  large  anterior  transverse 
prism  succeeded  by  three  closed  triangles  and  a  posterior  enamel  space  which  is 
formed  by  the  confluence  of  two  small  folds  of  opposite  sides,  the  outer  of  which 
is  slightly  in  advance  of  the  inner.  There  are  thus  three  external  and  four 


ALLEN:  MAMMALIA. 


215 


internal  salient  angles.  The  second  upper  molar  consists  of  three  closed  trans- 
verse prisms,  the  outer  angles  of  which  are  slightly  in  advance  of  the  correspond- 
ing angles  of  the  inner  side.  The  tooth  has 
three  salient  angles  on  each  side.  The  last 
upper  molar  is  much  like  the  one  preceding,  but 
the  posterior  enamel  space,  which  has  two  small 
and  opposite  prisms  at  its  anterior  end,  is  pro- 
duced in  the  long  axis  of  the  tooth  into  a  narrow 
heel,  with  nearly  parallel  sides.  There  are  there- 
fore six  salient  angles  in  this  tooth  as  in  the  sec- 
ond molar.  In  the  specimen  figured,  however, 
there  are  indications  of  a  small  additional  pair 
of  angles,  one  oh  the  outer  and  one  on  the  inner 
side  of  the  posterior  heel,  and  this  condition  I 
also  found  in  a  specimen  of  M .  melanogaster. 

The  first  lower  molar  has  four  closed  enamel 
spaces  the  anteriormost  with  two  mternal  and 
one  external  prominent  projections;  the  three 
other  spaces,  are  formed  by  the  confluence  of 
the  prisms  of  opposite  sides  into  a  single  trans- 
verse space.  The  tooth  has  four  external  and  five  or  even  six  internal  salient 
angles  according  as  the  very  small  antero-internal  point  is  less  or  more  devel- 
oped. The  second  and  third  lower  molars  show  each  three  transverse  closed 
spaces,  and  each  has  three  salient  angles  on  either  face.  The  reentrants  of  the 
third  lower  molar  are  somewhat  deeper  externally  than  in  M .  aurora. 

Measurements: --The  type  and  three  other  specimens  were  measured  in 
the  flesh  by  the  collector,  as  follows :- 


D 


Microtus  (Eothenomys)  mucronatus. 
Type  No.  7790.  C,  Enamel  pattern  of 
right  upper  molars.  D,  Enamel  pat- 
tern of  right  lower  molars. 


Total 

No. 

Length  4 

Tail. 

Hind  Foot. 

Sex. 

7789  Type. 

144 

39 

19 

9  ad. 

7790 

162 

44 

19 

9 

7791 

105' 

45 

19 

9 

2803 

130 

37 

19 

9  imm. 

The  ears  of  the  dried  skins  measure  11  or  12  mm.  in  length  from  the  meatus. 
which  is  3  or  4  mm.  greater  than  the  corresponding  dimension  in  skins  of  M, 
melanogaster. 

The  skull  of  the  type  measures:  —  greatest  length,  26;  basal  length,  23.8; 

1  Probably  a  mistake  since  the  skin  as  made  up  is  quite  as  large  as  the  other  specimens  and  measures 
137  mm.  in  length. 


216  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

palatal  length,  14.3;  zygomatic  breadth,  15.5;  mastoid  breadth,  12;  interorbital 
constriction,  4.6;  mandible  from  condyle  to  tip  of  incisor,  18.4;  greatest  vertical 
height  of  mandible  at  tip  of  coronoid  process,  9;  alveoli  of  upper  molar  row,  6.7; 
alveoli  of  lower  tooth  row,  6.8. 

Remarks:  —  The  relationship  of  this  species  is  undoubtedly  with  M.  melano- 
gaster.  The  enamel  pattern  of  the  molars  is  essentially  similar  and  the  coloration 
not  so  brown  as  is  that  of  M .  aurora.  The  presence  of  a  distinct  median  spine 
at  the  posterior  edge  of  the  palate  is  apparently  unusual  in  the  subgenus  and 
recalls  the  condition  in  the  subgenus  Anteliomys,  between  which  and  Eothenomys 
the  new  species  may  be  somewhat  annectent. 

The  fur  of  M.  melanogaster  is  close  and  short,  recalling  that  of  the  subgenus 
Pitymys,  and  this  in  connection  with  the  small  ear  may  indicate  that  the  species 
is  more  subterranean  in  its  habits  than  M .  aurora  or  M .  mucronatus  in  both  of 
which  the  fur  is  long  and  soft  and  the  ear  larger.  From  the  former,  M.  mucrona- 
tus is  at  once  distinguished  by  its  blacker  coloration,  quite  without  the  rusty 
tinge  above  and  the  brassy  reflections,  while  the  belly  is  blacker  much  as  in 
melanogaster.  The  slight  but  constant  differences  in  the  shape  of  the  enamel 
folds  of  the  molars,  as  well  as  the  more  massive  skull  with  the  deep  palatal  grooves 
and  prominent  median  spine  are  further  striking  differences. 

In  addition  to  the  type,  Mr.  Zappey  obtained  three  other  specimens,  all 
at  Tachiao,  western  Szechwan,  where  however,  he  did  not  find  any  other  species 
of  the  subgenus.  Milne  Edwards  in  his  original  description  of  melanogaster 
remarks  on  what  he  calls  a  brown  phase  of  that  species,  occurring  in  the  same 
localities  and  it  is  not  impossible  that  these  brown  animals  are  really  the  new 
species  here  described.  The  skull,  figured  of  natural  size,  seems  to  be  a  trifle 
larger  than  that  of  our  specimens  of  melanogaster,  but  the  details  of  structure 
as  well  as  the  description  and  measurements  given  in  the  text  refer  clearly  to 
the  small  black  species. 

The  two  species  of  the  subgenus  Eothenomys  here  described  do  not  seem 
referable  to  any  of  the  half  dozen  forms  lately  described  by  Mr.  Thomas  from 
western  and  southern  China. 

CRASEOMYS  AQTJILUS,  sp.  nov. 

Type:  —  Skin  and  skull  No.  7190  M.  C.  Z.,  male  adult,  from  Showlungtan, 
Hupeh,  China.  May  17,  1907,  Walter  R.  Zappey. 

General  Characters:  —  A  very  brown  species,  appearing  superficially  much 
like  a  brown  Microtus;  tail  long,  more  than  half  the  length  of  head  and  body. 


ALLEN:  MAMMALIA.  217 

Skull  with  well-developed  ridges,  zygomata  slightly  bowed,  palate  normal  with 
a  slight  median  convexity  at  the  posterior  edge.  Last  upper  molar  with  six 
salient  angles,  the  posterior  enamel  space  somewhat  Y-shaped. 

Color:  —  Dorsal  surface  of  the  head  and  back  a  general  dark  rusty,  between 
russet  and  cinnamon  of  Ridgway.  This  is  produced  by  a  mixture  of  entirely 
blackish  hairs  with  others  whose  bases  are  slaty  black  with  narrow  tips  of  bright 
tawny  approaching  orange-rufous.  Under  a  lens,  many  of  these  latter  hairs 
are  seen  to  have  a  minute  dark  tip.  Towards  the  sides  of  the  head  and  body 
the  bright-tipped  hairs  predominate  producing  a  nearly  clear  tawny  ochraceous. 
A  small  dark  patch  in  front  of  each  thigh,  about  10  mm.  in  vertical  height  by 
5  mm.  in  length  is  of  a  slate-gray.  Ears  prominent  and  thinly  clothed  with 
short  hairs  nearly  Prout's  brown  in  color. 

Lips,  ventral  surface  of  the  throat  and  limbs  nearly  gray  No.  6  of  Ridgway, 
becoming  whiter  on  the  ventral  surface  of  the  body  on  account  of  the  whitish 
tips  to  the  hairs  which  conceal  the  slaty  bases.  Upper  surfaces  of  the  feet 
covered  with  short  pale  gray  hairs.  Tail  bicolor,  Prout's  brown  above,  grayish 
below,  with  a  distinct  pencil  about  4  mm.  long. 

Five  other  specimens  agree  with  the  type  in  color  except  that  one  or  two 
have  a  faint  buffy  tinge  to  the  gray  hairs  of  the  belly.  All  five  are  females  and 
do  not  show  the  spot  on  the  hip  that  covers  the  lateral  gland  in  the  male. 

Skull: —  The  skull  has  the  general  appearance  of  that  of  an  Evotomys, 
short  and  rather  delicate  but  the  postorbital  ridges  of  the  squamosal  are  more 
prominent,  the  zygomata  are  slightly  expanded,  and  the  second  upper  and  third 
lower  molar  are  distinctly  encapsuled.  The  palate  is  normal  but  instead  of  end- 
ing in  a  straight-edged  shelf  posteriorly,  has  a  slight  median  convexity.  The 
palatal  grooves  are  distinct  but  shallow  from  each  of  the  incisive  foramina,  and 
end  in  the  usual  perforation  close  to  the  posterior  palatal  margin.  In  all  the 
skulls  this  perforation  is  completely  bridged  by  the  bony  palate.  The  ptery- 
goids  are  nearly  parallel  distally  and  their  hamular  processes  abut  each  against 
the  antero-internal  end  of  the  audital  bulla.  The  diastema  is  practically  as 
long  as  the  alveolar  length  of  the  molar  row. 

The  teeth  (Figs.  E,  F)  show  less  complexity  in  the  enamel  pattern  than  those 
of  the  Evotomys  available  for  comparison,  and  there  seems  less  tendency  for 
the  triangles  to  be  open.  The  first  upper  molar  has  the  usual  five  spaces,  all 
closed,  and  three  salient  angles  on  each  side,  the  internal  more  rounded  than  the 
external.  The  second  upper  molar  has  four  closed  spaces  as  usual  with  three 
external  and  two  internal  angles.  The  third  upper  molar  resembles  that  of 
Evotomys  ("  Phaulomys")  smithi  in  its  simplicity  and  approach  to  bilateral 


218 


SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 


symmetry.  It  consists  of  an  anterior  transverse  enamel  space,  succeeded  by 
two  small  closed  triangles,  the  outer  slightly  in  advance  of  the  inner  and  more 
sharply  angular.  Then  follows  a  terminal  Y-shaped  space  whose  outer  anterior 

lobe  is  slightly  the  longer.  The  tooth  has  thus 
three  external  and  three  internal  salient  angles. 
No  variation  from  the  condition  here  described  is 
shown  by  any  of  the  six  specimens. 

In  the  first  lower  molar  of  the  type  there  are 
four  salient  angles  on  either  side.  The  posterior 
enamel  space  is  the  usual  transverse  crescent,  an- 
terior to  which  are  two  inner  and  two  outer  alter- 
nating closed  triangles.  The  anteriormost  closed 
space  has  a  small  angle  on  either  side  at  its  poste- 
rior end.  The  second  lower  molar  has  but  two 
closed  triangles  and  at  each  end  of  the  tooth  a 
transverse  closed  space,  the  anterior  of  which  is 
deeply  cut  by  the  first  outer  reentrant.  The  third 
lower  molar  has  the  usual  three  transverse  loops, 
the  anteriormost  smallest  and  almost  oval  in  out- 
line. Like  the  preceding  tooth,  it  has  three  ex- 
ternal and  three  internal  salient  angles,  but  the  outer  reentrants  are  very  much 
shallower  than  the  inner. 

In  Nos.  7189  and  7192,  the  antero-internal  notch  of  the  first  enamel  loop 
of  the  first  lower  molar  is  so  well  developed  that  it  nearly  cuts  off  a  fifth  triangle 
while  in  No.  7191  this  reentrant  is  still  deeper  and  completely  cuts  off  this  triangle 
so  as  to  produce  two  external  and  three  internal  closed  triangles  in  addition  to 
the  anterior  loop  and  the  posterior  transverse  crescent.  In  this  specimen,  there- 
fore, there  are  four  external  and  five  internal  salient  angles.  In  No.  7194  this 
tooth  is  as  in  the  type. 

Measurements: —  The  following  measurements  were  taken  in  the  flesh  by 
the  collector: — 


Craseomys  aguilus.  Type  No. 
7189.  E,  Enamel  pattern  of  left 
upper  molars.  F,  Enamel  pattern 
of  right  lower  molars. 


Total 

No. 

Length. 

Tail. 

Hind  Foot. 

7189 

152 

57 

17 

7190  Type 

160 

59 

20 

7191 

144 

55 

18 

7192 

157 

55 

19 

7194 

150 

54 

17 

7196 

145 

52 

19 

Average 


151 


55 


18 


ALLEN:  MAMMALIA.  219 

The  skull  of  the  type  measures :  — greatest  length,  23.8;  basal  length,  22; 
palatal  length,  12.3;  upper  diastema,  6.6;  zygomatic  breadth,  13.5;  mastoid 
breadth,  11.6;  interorbital  constriction,  3.5;  mandible  from  condyle  to  tip  of 
incisor,  16.5;  alveoli  of  upper  molar  row,  6;  alveoli  of  lower  molar  row,  5. 

Remarks: —  The  type,  as  stated,  came  from  Showlungtan,  Hupeh.  The 
five  other  specimens  are  from  the  same  Province:  two  from  Fanghsien  at  alti- 
tudes respectively  of  7,600  and  9,000  feet;  one  from  Wansonshan  at  7,225  feet, 
and  the  two  others  from  the  type  locality,  altitude  not  noted.  It  is  doubtless 
a  boreal  representative  found  at  the  higher  altitudes,  and  is  the  most  southern 
species  of  its  genus  hitherto  discovered  in  China.  In  its  brown  Microtus-like 
coloration  and  its  molar  pattern  with  the  simple  structure  and  approach  to 
bilateral  symmetry  of  the  upper  third  molar,  it  seems  to  approach  Evotomys 
(Phaulomys)  smithi  of  Thomas,  from  Hondo,  Japan.  It  is  quite  unlike  the 
other  described  species  of  Craseomys  from  southeastern  Asia  —  the  large-bodied, 
richly  colored  C.  regulus  of  Korea  and  North  China,  and  the  large  pale  C.  shanseius 
from  the  Province  of  Shansi. 

According  to  Anderson  (1909)  who  has  recently  compared  a  large  series  of 
Evotomys  smithi  there  is  much  doubt  if  the  subgenus  Phaulomys,  based  on  that 
species,  is  really  distinguishable. 

APODEMUS  AGRARIUS  NINGPOENSIS  (Swinhoe). 

Thomas  has  recently  shown  that  Apodemus  antedates  Micromys  for  the 
small  Mus-like  species  having  three  inner  tubercles  on  the  first  and  second  upper 
molars,  and  in  his  summary  of  the  described  forms  of  the  agrarius  group  (Thomas, 
1908b,  p.  8)  differentiates  A.  a.  pallidior  of  the  Shantung  peninsula  as  a  grayer 
race  than  the  more  southern  A.  a.  ningpo'ensis,  in  which,  moreover,  the  dorsal 
streak  is  usually  obsolete.  Mr.  Zappey  obtained  a  fine  series  of  thirty  skins 
and  skulls  from  Ichang  and  vicinity.  These  skins,  although  showing  great 
individual  variation  are  probably  best  referred  to  ningpoensis,  the  type  of  which 
came  from  Ningpo,  on  the  coast,  some  six  hundred  miles  to  the  west.  All  were 
taken  in  December  and  January,  1908.  In  three  the  black  dorsal  line  is  splen- 
didly marked  from  a  point  between  the  ears  to  the  root  of  the  tail,  broad,  clear, 
and  conspicuous.  Three  others  have  it  nearly  as  well  marked,  but  it  begins 
on  the  nape  or  between  the  shoulders.  In  four  other  skins,  the  stripe  is  still 
well  defined,  but  no  longer  clear  black  on  account  of  a  slight  admixture  of  the 
buffy  hairs  of  the  rest  of  the  back.  In  the  remaining  twenty  specimens  the  stripe 


220  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

is  more  or  less  obsolete;  in  six  or  seven  it  is  scarcely  noticeable  except  as  a  slightly 
darker  median  band.  There  is  said  to  be  no  trace  of  a  dorsal  stripe  in  the  type 
specimen  of  this  race.  In  size  and  cranial  measurements  our  specimens  seem  to 
agree  with  the  dimensions  given  by  Bonhote  (1905,  p.  397).  Mr.  Zappey  did 
not  obtain  this  species  higher  up  the  valley  so  that  it  may  be  of  lowland  distribu- 
tion. Bonhote,  however,  records  A.  a.  manchuricus  from  southern  Shensi. 

APODEMUS  MINUTUS  PYGMAEUS  (Milne  Edwards). 

A  young,  though  nearly  full-grown  specimen  was  taken  at  Changyanghsien, 
Hupeh,  November  16,  1907,  but  elsewhere  the  species  was  not  met  with.  It  was 
originally  described  from  Szechwan  by  Milne  Edwards,  and  Bonhote  (1905) 
records  specimens  in  the  British  Museum  from  Kuatun  and  Shanghai. 

APODEMUS  SYLVATICUS  DRACO  (Barrett-Hamilton). 

A  series  of  twenty-five  specimens  of  the  long-tailed  field  mouse  seems,  after 
careful  comparison,  to  represent  but  this  single  race,  although  they  come  from 
widely  separated  localities,  namely: — Changyanghsien  8,000  feet,  Fanghsien, 
8,500  feet,  and  Showlungtan,  Hupeh;  Mohsimien  8,000  feet,  Washan,  6,000  to 
9,000  feet,  Lianghokow,  12,000  feet,  and  Tachiao,  12,000  to  13,000  feet,  in 
Szechwan.  About  one  third  of  the  specimens  have  acquired  the  mature  colora- 
tion, a  bright  russet  or  ochraceous  buff  above  and  on  the  sides,  with  a  dorsal 
black  area  while  the  remainder  exhibit  various  darker  shades  in  which  black 
hairs  predominate  on  the  back  and  are  mixed  on  the  sides  to  a  less  extent.  The 
tails  of  these  darker  individuals  are  much  less  markedly  bicolor  than  those  of  the 
russet-colored  adults.  One  of  the  latter  from  Washan  is  almost  clear  orange- 
ochraceous,  on  the  nape,  shoulders,  and  sides,  with  but  a  slight  admixture  of 
black  hairs  on  the  lower  back.  The  collector's  measurements  for  seven  adults 
average: — total  length,  184  mm.,  tail,  95,  hind  foot,  23.  Bonhote  (1905)  gives 
186,  95,  and  20  respectively.  The  skull  of  No.  7139,  from  Fanghsien  measures  :— 
greatest  length,  26.8;  basal  length,  21;  palatal  length,  12;  upper  diastema,  7; 
incisive  foramina,  4.5;  nasals,  10.8;  breadth  of  brain  case,  12;  upper  molars, 
4.4.  These  dimensions  agree  very  closely  with  those  given  by  Bonhote  for 
specimens  from  Kuatun,  northwest  Fukien. 

APODEMUS  MAJOR  (Radde). 

In  the  high  mountains  of  western  Szechwan  near  the  eastern  borders  of 
Tibet  occurs  a  large  field  mouse  evidently  related  to  A.  sylvaticus,  that  I  have 


ALLEN:  MAMMALIA.  221 

referred  to  Radde's  " M us  sylvaticus  var.  major"  (Reis.  Sib.,  1862,  1,  p.  180). 
In  his  review  of  this  group,  Barrett-Hamilton  (1900,  p.  412)  states  that  he  has 
seen  no  specimens  but  considers  it  as  probably  "the  western  Siberian  representa- 
tive of  M.  s.  princeps"  of  southeastern  Europe.  He  also  believes  that  the  speci- 
mens obtained  by  Przewalski  in  the  mountains  of  Kansu,  and  described  by 
Buechner  as  Mus  chevrieri,  are  the  same  animal.  In  the  absence  of  material  for 
direct  comparison,  our  series  agrees  well  enough  with  the  description  to  make 
this  conclusion  seem  probable.  Sixteen  skins  with  skulls  were  collected  by  Mr. 
Zappey  at  Lianghokow,  12,000  feet;  Tachiao,  12,000  to  13,000  feet;  Shuowlow, 
13,000  to  15,000  feet;  and  Ramala  Pass,  15,000  feet.  Possibly  these  localities 
indicate  approximately  the  southeastern  border  of  this  mouse's  range  which  may 
thus  extend  north  through  Kansu  to  Siberia.  The  fact  that  at  Tachiao  it 
occurs  together  with  undoubted  examples  of  the  smaller  A.  sylvaticus  draco  seems 
to  indicate  its  specific  distinctness  from  the  latter.  The  coloration  is  decidedly 
paler  than  in  the  latter,  between  buff  and  ochraceous  buff  above  finely  lined 
throughout  with  black,  especially  on  the  mid-dorsal  area;  the  tail  is  sharply 
bicolor  even  in  the  immature  examples;  the  feet  are  white,  and  the  under  parts 
whitish,  with  the  slaty  bases  of  the  hairs  slightly  showing  through.  The  ears 
are  conspicuously  large,  measuring  in  the  dried  skins  from  18  to  20  mm.,  as 
against  15  and  16  for  A.  s.  draco. 

The  following  measurements  were  made  by  the  collector  in  the  field :  — 


Total 

No. 
7641 
7642 

Locality. 
Lianghokow 
Shuowlow 

Length. 
230 
221 

Tail. 
113 
117 

Hind  Foot. 
27 
25 

7644 

Shuowlow 

220 

110 

27 

7643 

Shuowlow 

231 

112 

26 

7646 

Tachiao 

214 

113 

27 

7648 

Tachiao 

211 

109 

26 

Average  (6)  221  112  26 

Radde  gives  total  length  215;  tail,  by  calculation,  97;  hind  foot  24. 

The  skull  is  large,  the  teeth  broad  and  heavy.  The  interorbital  constriction 
is  so  great  that  the  external  faces  of  the  molars  can  be  seen  when  the  skull  is 
viewed  from  above.  The  supraorbital  ridge  extends  backward  to  a  point  about 
opposite  the  posterior  root  of  the  zygomatic  arch.  The  notch  formed  by  the 
upper  edge  of  the  antorbital  foramen  is  very  much  deeper  in  the  long  axis  of  the 
skull  than  in  the  skull  of  A.  s.  draco.  The  following  cranial  measurements  are 
taken  from  No.  7644:  — total  length,  29.9;  basal  length,  23;  palatal  length, 
14.6;  nasals,  12;  incisive  foramina,  6 ;  upper  diastema,  7.2;  zygomatic  breadth. 


222  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

14;  interorbital  constriction,  4.4;  mastoid  breadth,  12;  greatest  width  outside 
last  upper  molar,  6;  length  of  mandible  from  condyle  to  tip  of  incisor,  19;  upper 
molar  row,  5.3;  lower  molar  row,  5. 

An  adult  female  has  eight  mammae,  four  pectoral,  four  inguinal. 

Since  the  above  was  written,  Mr.  Thomas  has  described  as  Apodemus 
speciosus  latronum  a  field  mouse  from  Tatsienlu  which  seems  to  be  the  same  as 
that  here  referred  to  A.  major. 

APODEMUS  CHEVRIERI  (Milne  Edwards). 

Originally  described  from  the  'principality  of  Moupin,'  this  mouse  has 
remained  rare  in  collections,  if  not  practically  unknown.  At  Washan,  in  western 
Szechwan,  Mr.  Zappey  obtained  a  series  of  thirteen  specimens,  at  altitudes  of 
between  6,000  and  8,000  feet;  and  at  Hsienshanhsien,  Hupeh,  a  single  male  at 
4500  feet,  which  though  a  trifle  grayer  than  the  Washan  series  is  probably 
identical.  Barrett-Hamilton  (1905)  has  considered  this  form  as  probably  a 
race  of  Apodemus  sylvaticus,  but  it  undoubtedly  is  a  distinct  species.  Moreover, 
it  occurs  in  the  same  districts  with  A.  s.  draco.  More  recently  Thomas  (1911, 
p.  172)  made  it  a  race  of  A.  speciosus,  but  in  a  later  paper  (1912)  received  as  this 
goes  to  press,  recognizes  its  specific  rank.  Milne  Edwards's  figure  of  '  M us  chev- 
rieri '  is  very  nearly  matched  by  an  adult  female  in  our  series,  the  brightest  of 
the  specimens  obtained.  In  general  appearance,  the  majority  are  rather  paler 
ochraceous  buff,  everywhere  on  the  back  and  sides  lined  with  coarse  black  hairs 
which  are  so  evenly  distributed  over  the  entire  upper  surfaces  of  the  head  and 
body  as  to  produce  an  unusually  uniform  and  equal  admixture,  scarcely  darker 
even  in  the  mid-dorsal  region.  The  lower  surfaces  of  the  body  are  gray,  slightly 
darkened  by  the  dull  slaty  bases  of  the  hairs  showing  through.  The  tail  is 
bicolor,  without  sharp  line  of  demarcation,  and  the  feet  are  whitish.  The  long 
hair  of  the  back  tends  to  be  hispid,  which  gives  a  much  coarser  appearance  to 
the  pelage  as  compared  with  the  full  soft  fur  of  A.  s.  draco  for  example.  In  one 
old  female,  No.  7657,  the  hair  is  practically  spiny.  As  shown  in  Milne  Edwards's 
figure  (Recherches,  pi.  40,  fig.  2)  the  ear  is  short,  its  base  partly  concealed  in  the 
fur,  markedly  smaller  than  in  the  specimens  of  the  sylvaticus  group  available  for 
comparison  (13  mm.  in  dried  specimens).  This  fact  as  well  as  the  shortness  of 
the  hind  foot  are  remarked  by  Milne  Edwards.  Barrett-Hamilton  states  that 
Mr.  Oldfield  Thomas  has  examined  the  typical  series  in  the  museum  at  Paris, 
and  has  noted  the  spiny  character  of  the  pelage  in  certain  of  the  specimens. 


ALLEN:  MAMMALIA.  223 

One  measured  by  Mr.  Thomas  was  190  mm.  in  total  length;  tail,  90;  hind  foot, 
21.5.     The  following  measurements  were  made  in  the  field  by  Mr.  Zappey:  - 


Total 

No. 
7622 

Length. 
180 

Tail. 
84 

Hind  Foot. 
24 

7623 

181 

84 

23 

7625 

183 

85 

24 

7630 

203 

95 

23 

7631 

204 

106 

22 

7657 

198 

99 

22 

7658 

199 

102 

24 

Average  (7)     192.5  93  23 

The  skull,  compared  with  that  of  A.  s.  draco,  is  scarcely  longer  notwith- 
standing that  chevrieri  is  a  larger  animal.  This  is  due  to  the  relative  short- 
ness of  the  rostrum,  which  in  draco  is  more  elongated  and  slender.  The 
supraorbital  crests  are  strongly  developed  and  extend  backward  to  a  point 
opposite  the  posterior  zygomatic  root.  The  teeth  are  conspicuously  heavier, 
the  palate  wider  and  the  audital  bullae  larger  than  in  draco.  Following  are 
the  measurements  of  the  skull  of  No.  7657,  from  Washan: — greatest  length, 
28.3;  basal  length,  24.8;  palatal  length,  14.6;  incisive  foramina,  6;  upper 
diastema,  8;  nasals,  11;  zygomatic  breadth,  13;  mastoid  breadth,  11.7; 
interorbital  constriction,  4.4;  greatest  breadth  outside  third  upper  molar,  5; 
length  of  mandible  from  condyle  to  tip  of  incisor,  18.4;  upper  molar  row,  5; 
lower  molar  row,  4.6. 

There  are  four  pectoral  and  four  inguinal  mammae. 

MTJS  MUSCTJLUS  Linne". 

But  a  single  specimen  of  the  House  mouse  was  obtained  by  Mr.  Zappey, 
this  a  female  at  Ichang,  Hupeh.  Bonhote  (1905,  p.  394)  notes  that  this  mouse 
does  not  seem  to  be  common  in  China  though  the  British  Museum  has  specimens 
from  widely  separated  localities  in  that  country. 

EPIMYS  CONFUCIANUS  (Milne  Edwards). 

Milne  Edwards  described  this  species  from  specimens  collected  by  Pere 
David  in  the  mountains  of  Moupin  and  the  Province  of  Szechwan.  Mr.  Zappey 
obtained  one  at  Kiating,  in  western  Szechwan,  which  may  therefore  be  consid- 
ered practically  a  topotype.  It  is  nearly  identical  with  three  other  specimens. 


224  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

obtained  in  Hupeh,  at  Ichang,  Ichanghsien,  and  Changyanghsien,  respectively. 
Two  of  these  taken  in  January  seem  to  have  completely  assumed  the  winter 
pelage  which  is  soft  and  full.  The  other  two,  mid-November  skins,  are  in  process 
of  moult  and  retain  numerous  stiff  spiny  hairs  in  the  dorsal  areas.  Although 
the  series  is  too  small  to  warrant  definite  conclusions,  it  is  possible  that  the 
stiff  hairs  are  more  characteristic  of  the  summer  pelage,  as  in  some  species  of 
Apodemus.  According  to  Thomas  (1908b,  p.  6)  however,  "the  members  of  this 
group  are  not  known  to  change  seasonally  in  this  respect."  In  all  four  the  tip  of 
the  tail  above  as  well  as  below  is  white  for  about  the  distal  third. 

Bonhote  in  his  review  of  Chinese  species  of  Mus  (Epimys) ,  gives  the  follow- 
ing dimensions: — head  and  body  164,  tail  192,  hind  foot  39.  These  measure- 
ments seem  very  large,  since  Milne  Edwards  in  his  original  description  gives 
170,  165,  and  30  mm.  for  the  corresponding  dimensions.  Thomas,  for  the  Chefoo 
race,  E.  c.  sacer,  which  he  says  is  of  about  the  same  size,  gives  for  extremes: — 
head  and  body,  130-156;  tail,  170-186;  hind  foot,  28-31.  Bonhote's  measure- 
ment of  the  hind  foot,  39  mm.,  must  be  a  misprint,  although  used  as  a  differential 
character  in  his  key. 

Our  specimen  from  Kiating,  Szechwan,  was  measured  by  the  collector  as 
follows:  —  head  and  body,  149;  tail,  177;  hind  foot,  28-32. 

EPIMYS  JERDONI  Blyth. 

This  is  a  hill  species,  originally  described  from  Sikkim.  Its  distribution 
is  stated  by  Blanford  (Mamm.  Brit.  India,  1888,  p.  412)  to  be  the  eastern  Hi- 
malayas. At  Ramala  Pass  on  the  eastern  border  of  Tibet,  and  at  an  altitude 
of  12,500  feet,  Mr.  Zappey  obtained  two  specimens  that  seem  undoubtedly  to 
represent  this  species,  here  probably  nearly  at  the  northeastern  limit  of  its  range. 
Farther  east  its  place  seems  to  be  taken  by  the  closely  allied  E.  confucianus. 
The  first  of  these  specimens  was  captured  August  11,  1908,  and  is  in  good  sum- 
mer pelage.  The  somewhat  brighter  ochraceous  tint  of  the  dorsal  surface  is 
noticeably  in  contrast  with  that  of  specimens  of  E.  confucianus,  and  the  abun- 
dance of  whitish  spines  gives  a  slightly  grayish  cast  to  those  parts  where  their 
bases  show  through.  The  upper  surface  of  the  fore  feet  is  clear  white  without 
the  dark  median  area  of  confucianus,  and  the  tail  is  without  a  white  tip.  The 
second  specimen  is  slightly  smaller  but  apparently  of  the  same  species.  The 
collector's  measurements  of  these  two  are: — total  length,  365,  360;  tail,  192, 
163;  hind  foot,  34,  30. 


ALLEN:  MAMMALIA.  225 

EPIMYS  ZAPPEYI,  sp.  nov. 

Type: —  Skin  and  skull  No.  7607  M.  C.  Z.,  male  adult,  from  Washan 
Mountains,  western  Szechwan,  China,  at  an  altitude  of  9,000  feet.  October  26, 
1908,  Walter  R.  Zappey. 

General  Characters: —  Resembling  E.  confucianus,  but  with  darker  face, 
ears,  and  back,  the  ochraceous  of  the  sides  much  richer  and  brighter,  encroach- 
ing more  on  the  belly  and  extending  on  to  the  thighs  and  on  the  lower  throat  to 
the  axilla.  Ventral  surface  pure  white,  without  the  faint  sulphury  suffusion. 
Skull  slightly  smaller  than  that  of  E.  confucianus  with  more  slender  rostrum  and 
zygomata,  longer  and  narrower  incisive  foramina,  narrower  palate,  and  smaller, 
more  flattened  bullae. 

Color: —  Muzzle  and  an  ill-defined  patch  extending  from  the  base  of  the 
vibrissae  to  the  ear,  slate  color;  forehead  and  crown,  nape,  and  a  somewhat  oval 
mid-dorsal  area  a  mixture  of  hairs  mainly  slate  minutely  tipped  with  ochraceous 
buff,  and  longer  hairs  entirely  black.  The  ochraceous  buff  tips  in  this  area  are 
so  restricted  that  the  dark  color  predominates  forming  a  darker  and  more  pro- 
nounced mid-dorsal  area  than  in  M.  confucianus.  Cheeks,  sides  of  the  neck, 
upper  surfaces  of  forearms,  the  flanks,  inner  sides  of  the  thighs  and  lower  legs, 
and  the  anal  region  bright  tawny  ochraceous,  only  very  slightly  mixed  with 
scattering  short  black  hairs.  A  small  spot  of  the  same  color  on  the  upper  chest 
medially  between  the  fore  legs.  The  color  of  the  back  and  sides  encroaches 
farther  on  the  belly  than  in  M .  confucianus  and  is  sharply  marked  off  from  that 
of  the  lower  surfaces,  which  including  the  upper  lips,  chin,  and  throat,  are  clear 
snowy  white  to  the  bases  of  the  hairs,  quite  without  the  wash  of  sulphury  found 
in  E.  confucianus.  Upper  surface  of  fore  and  hind  feet  clove-brown  medially, 
the  toes  and  borders  white.  Tail  white  ventrally  and  for  the  terminal  third 
dorsally,  the  proximal  two  thirds  nearly  clove-brown  above,  covered  with  minute 
setae  that  become  short  hairs  distally  till  they  form  finally  a  distinct  pencil 
about  6  mm.  long. 

Skull: —  The  skull  of  the  type  is  evidently  adult  but  not  old;  the  teeth  are 
somewhat  worn  but  the  supraorbital  ridges  are  not  very  strongly  developed. 
Compared  with  that  of  E.  confucianus  the  rostrum  and  the  zygomata  are  much 
slenderer,  the  nasals  narrower  and  more  compressed  laterally  at  their  free  end. 
The  incisive  foramina  are  longer  and  narrower,  not  short  and  broadly  expanded  ; 
the  palate  is  narrower  and  the  anterior  end  of  the  interpterygoid  fossa  scarcely 
expanded.  The  audital  bullae  are  conspicuously  smaller  and  flatter. 


226  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

Measurements: —  The  external  measurements  of  the  fresh  specimen  are 
recorded  by  the  collector  as  follows: — total  length,  310;  tail,  184;  hind  foot, 
31.  The  size  is  thus  practically  as  in  E.  confucianus.  The  measurements  of  the 
skull  follow,  and  for  comparison  the  corresponding  dimensions  of  E.  confucianus 
from  No.  7605,  from  Kiating,  western  Szechwan  are  added  in  parentheses: — 
greatest  length,  35.5,  (37);  basal  length,  29.7  (30.3);  palatal  length,  17  (17); 
incisive  foramina,  6.5  X  1.8  (5.4  X  2.8);  nasals,  13  (15);  zygomatic  breadth, 
16  (17.6);  mastoid  breadth,  12.7  (13.2);  palatal  width  outside  last  upper  molar, 
6.1  (6.8);  mandible  from  condyle  to  tip  of  incisor,  22  (22.5);  upper  molar  row, 
6  (6.2) ;  lower  molar  row,  5.8  (6). 

Remarks:  —  This  is  a  species  of  the  Epimys  niveiventer  group,  and  as  already 
pointed  out,  seems  nearly  related  to  E.  confucianus.  I  should  have  hesitated  to 
describe  the  species  on  the  basis  of  a  single  specimen  were  it  not  for  its  striking 
color  and  cranial  characteristics.  It  is  not  impossible,  also,  that  as  in  case  of 
certain  other  vertebrates,  it  is  a  species  that  has  become  locally  differentiated 
and  is  confined  to  this  isolated  group  of  mountains.  One  of  its  noticeable 
peculiarities  is  the  encroachment  of  the  lateral  coloration  on  the  venter,  producing 
a  narrowed  white  median  area,  which  is  only  about  two  thirds  as  wide  as  in 
similarly  prepared  skins  of  E.  confucianus. 

I  have  named  the  species  in  honor  of  Mr.  Walter  R.  Zappey,  to  whose  zeal 
and  skill  is  due  the  discovery  of  this  interesting  animal. 

EPIMYS  NIVEIVENTER  (Hodgson). 

Four  specimens  from  near  the  eastern  border  of  Tibet  seem  to  represent  this 
Himalayan  species;  two  are  from  Ramala  Pass  at  12,500  feet  and  two  from 
Nachuka  at  from  11,000  to  12,000  feet  in  extreme  western  Szechwan.  Probably 
as  in  case  of  other  Himalayan  species,  these  highlands  mark  the  eastern  boundary 
of  the  range  of  this  rat. 

EPIMYS  LING  (Bonhote). 

This  small  rat,  recently  described  by  Bonhote  from  Chinfenling,  in  north- 
western Fukien,  seems  to  be  a  species  of  the  lower  elevations  of  eastern  China. 
At  all  events  Mr.  Zappey  did  not  find  it  west  of  the  Province  of  Hupeh.  In 
this  province,  however,  he  obtained  ten  specimens  at  the  following  localities :  — 
Changyanghsien,  Chetzekow,  Hsienshanhsien,  and  Ichanghsien,  between  alti- 
tudes of  4,500  and  5,600  feet.  The  extremes  measured  by  the  collector  are:  - 
total  length,  250-280;  tail,  135-170;  hind  foot,  26-31. 


ALLEN:  MAMMALIA.  227 

EPIMYS  FLAVIPECTUS  (Milne  Edwards). 

Three  specimens  from  Ichang,  Hupeh,  represent  this  species,  which,  though 
originally  described  from  Moupin,  seems  to  be  widely  spread  in  southern  China. 
In  but  one  is  the  white  breast  mark  apparent,  and  all  are  a  pale  cream-buff 
below.  Two  measured  by  the  collector  are  as  follows:  —  total  length,  303,  325; 
tail,  155,  178;  hind  foot,  34,  31. 

EPIMYS  GRISEIPECTUS  (Milne  Edwards). 

The  collection  contains  a  single  adult  male  that  seems  undoubtedly  referable 
to  this  rat,  the  type  locality  of  which  is  Szechwan.  Our  specimen  comes  from 
the  same  province,  at  Kiating.  Bonhote  points  out  that  this  rat  differs  strik- 
ingly from  E.  flavipectus  in  its  larger  size.  The  bicoloration  of  the  tail  is  scarcely 
noticeable  in  the  specimen  studied,  but  the  pure  white  fore  feet  as  stated  by 
Bonhote,  seem  to  be  a  character  constantly  distinguishing  the  species  from 
flavipectus,  in  which  the  upper  sides  of  the  feet  are  brown  edged  with  whitish. 
The  color  of  the  under  parts  is  also  a  trifle  whiter.  The  measurements  of  our 
specimen,  which  seems  to  be  of  maximum  size,  are :  —  total  length,  376 ;  tail,  194 ; 
hind  foot  with  claws,  41.  The  skull  measures:  —  greatest  length,  47.4;  basal 
length,  41;  palatal  length,  25;  nasals,  18.7;  incisive  foramina,  8.2;  upper 
diastema,  12.7;  interorbital  constriction,  6.3;  zygomatic  breadth,  21;  mastoid 
breadth,  17;  mandible  from  condyle  to  tip  of  incisor,  30.5;  upper  molar  row,  8; 
lower  molar  row,  7.5. 

EPIMYS  NORVEGICUS  (Erxleben). 

A  single  adult  was  taken  at  Ichanghsien,  Hupeh,  and  two  immature  examples 
at  Kiating,  in  western  Szechwan.  It  is  interesting  to  note  how  distinctly  this 
rat  stands  out  from  among  the  native  species  by  its  peculiarly  coarse  long  pelage. 

SCIURIDAE. 
MARMOTA  HIMALAYANUS  (Hodgson). 

Milne  Edwards  described  this  marmot  from  the  mountains  of  Moupin  as  a 
species  distinct  from  himalayanus  which  he  knew  by  descriptions  only.  He 
supposed  that  it  differed  in  color  and  named  it  Arctomys  robustus,  but  DeWinton 
and  Styan  (1899)  agree  with  Blanford  in  considering  it  identical  with  hima- 


228  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

layanus.  Mr.  Zappey  obtained  an  adult  female  from  Shuowlow,  in  the  western 
border  of  Szechwan,  at  an  altitude  of  15,500  feet  and  a  smaller  specimen  from 
Kaoerhshan,  a  few  days  later  at  a  similar  elevation.  The  color  is  less  ochraceous 
than  that  represented  in  Milne  Edwards's  plate,  more  nearly  a  cream-buff. 
The  adult  specimen  measured  by  the  collector:  —  total  length,  705;  tail,  135; 
hind  foot,  88.  The  skull  measures:  —  greatest  length,  103;  basal  length,  94; 
palatal  length,  57;  zygomatic  breadth,  64;  breadth  between  tips  of  postorbital 
processes,  46;  postorbital  constriction,  17.3;  mastoid  breadth,  46;  upper 
diastema,  27 ;  mandible  from  condyle  to  tip  of  incisor,  79 ;  upper  molar  row,  23 ; 
lower  molar  row,  22.3. 

DREMOMYS  PYRRHOMERUS  (Thomas). 

This  squirrel  has  been  recorded  from  Ichang,  Hupeh,  and  Sinyang,  Kweichow, 
to  the  southwest.  Mr.  Zappey  obtained  three  specimens  from  Hupeh,  one  at 
Tongkowshih,  and  two  from  Changyanghsien.  Two  of  the  skulls  measure  as 
follows:  —  greatest  length,  57,  56.3;  basal  length,  44,  42;  nasals,  19,  19.3; 
zygomatic  breadth,  31,  30;  interorbital  constriction,  17,  16;  upper  diastema, 
13,  13.4;  upper  tooth  row  (excluding  p3),  9.2,  9;  lower  molars,  9.8,  10. 

DREMOMYS  PERNYI  (Milne  Edwards). 

Twelve  specimens  of  this  species  were  obtained  by  Mr.  Zappey  in  the 
mountains  of  western  Szechwan  at  the  following  localities:  —  Tachienlu,  9,000 
feet;  Nachuka,  12,000  feet;  Ramala  Pass,  12,500-13,000  feet;  and  Shuowlow, 
13,000  to  14,000  feet.  Milne  Edwards's  specimens  came  also  from  Szechwan  and 
"les  montagnes  de  la  principaute  de  Moupin,  ou  elle  parait  fort  rare."  Six 
adults  were  measured  by  the  collector  as  follows:  — 


Total 

No. 

Sex. 

Length. 

Tail. 

Hind  Foot. 

7571 

<? 

312 

119 

48 

7573 

9 

328 

150 

50 

7575 

d1 

335 

150 

50 

7576 

d" 

345 

153 

52 

7579 

9 

350 

150 

50 

7580 

rf1 

350 

156 

49 

Styan  (in  De  Win  ton  and  Styan,  1899)  records  this  squirrel  from  western 
Hupeh,  northern  Kweichow,  Anhwei,  northwestern  Fukien,  and  Yunnan,  and 
states  that  it  is  a  mountain  species,  probably  not  descending  below  3,000  feet. 
Two  specimens  collected  by  Mr.  Zappey  in  the  neighborhood  of  Ichang,  Hupeh, 
however,  are  quite  different  from  our  series  of  D.  pernyi,  and  are  here  described 


ALLEN:  MAMMALIA.  229 

as  a  new  species,  although  it  may  eventually  be  found  that  intergradation  takes 
place  between  these  eastern  and  the  typical  western  representatives  of  the  high 
altitudes.  Possibly  also  Styan's  remarks  apply  in  part  to  the  undescribed 
species. 

DREMOMYS  SENEX,  sp.  nov. 

Type: —  Skin  and  skull,  No.  7582  M.  C.  Z.,  female  adult,  from  Nantow, 
Ichanghsien,  Hupeh,  China.  February  5,  1909,  Walter  R.  Zappey. 

General  Characters: —  Nearest  to  D.  pernyi,  from  which  it  differs  in  its 
greater  size,  with  notably  longer  tail  and  larger  skull,  in  having  the  postauricular 
patch  white  instead  of  deep  ochraceous  buff,  and  the  median  area  of  the  ventral 
surface  of  the  tail  nearly  uniform  clay  color  instead  of  whitish. 

Color: —  Forehead,  top  of  head,  neck,  outer  surface  and  anterior  margin 
of  ears,  dorsum,  and  external  surfaces  of  fore  and  hind  feet  a  uniform  grizzled 
olivaceous,  the  separate  hairs  with  a  plumbeous  base,  succeeded  by  one  or  often 
two  narrow  rings  of  buff  which  are  separated  by  a  slightly  longer  black  ring. 
The  tips  of  the  hairs  are  black  and  in  the  dorsal  region  there  are  a  few  scattered' 
hairs  entirely  black.  Sides  of  the  muzzle  nearly  clear  gray;  a  poorly  defined 
eye  ring  of  buff;  cheeks  washed  with  buff.  Postauricular  spots  clear  white. 
Ventral  surface  of  body  from  chin  to  anus  and  the  inner  surface  of  the  limbs, 
white  washed  with  buff,  especially  on  the  outer  edge  of  the  thighs.  The  white 
hairs  of  the  chin  and  throat  are  very  slightly  gray  at  their  bases,  but  those  of 
the  rest  of  the  under  parts  have  the  bases  dark  slate  color.  Anal  region,  posterior 
edge  of  thighs  and  base  of  tail  below,  light  orange  rufous.  Tail  above  mixed 
black,  pale  buff,  and  white,  the  separate  hairs  ringed  at  the  base  with  very  pale 
buff,  then  black,  then  buff,  followed  by  a  longer  black  ring  and  a  grayish  white 
tip,  that  forms  a  bordering  fringe.  Ventrally  the  color  is  similar  except  that  the 
hairs  of  the  central  area  of  the  tail  are  buff  or  clay  color,  slightly  grizzled  by  the 
black  rings,  and  quite  without  the  long  white  hairs  that  in  D.  pernyi  predominate 
in  this  area. 

Skull: —  The  skull  is  similar  to  that  of  D.  pernyi  but  slightly  larger  as  shown 
by  the  measurements  below. 

Measurements: — The  collector's  measurements  of  the  type  are: — total 
length,  373;  tail,  171;  hind  foot,  54.  A  second  specimen  from  Ichanghsien, 
No.  7583,  d",  measured:— total  length,  375;  tail,  176;  hind  foot,  52.  The 
skull  of  the  type  shows  the  following  dimensions  (the  figures  in  parentheses  are 
those  of  a  large  specimen  of  D.  pernyi) : —  greatest  length,  53  (51) ;  basal  length, 


230  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

43  (41);  palatal  length,  25  (23.8);  nasals,  17  (14.3);  zygomatic  breadth,  27 
(27) ;  mastoid  breadth,  20.3  (20) ;  interorbital  constriction,  14  (13.8) ;  greatest 
breadth  outside  m3,  12  (11);  upper  diastema,  12  (12);  mandible  from  condyle 
to  tip  of  incisor,  36  (35);  upper  molar  row  (excluding  p3),  9  (9);  lower  molar 
row,  9.3  (8.7). 

Remarks: —  Apart  from  its  greater  size  and  differently  colored  tail,  the 
most  striking  characteristic  of  this  squirrel  is  the  white  postauricular  patch. 
In  our  series  of  D.  pernyi  from  Szechwan,  as  well  as  in  Milne  Edwards's  plate 
(Rev.  mag.  zool.,  1867,  ser.  2,  19,  pi.  19)  and  description,  the  bright  ochraceous 
buff  of  these  patches  is  a  marked  feature. 

SCIUROTAMIAS  DAViDANUS  (Milne  Edwards). 

A  series  of  nine  squirrels  of  this  curious  genus  proves  to  be  of.  considerable 
interest.  Milne  Edwards  originally  described  Sciurus  (Tamias)  davidanus 
from  the  environs  of  Pekin  and  pointed  out  the  peculiar  cranial  characters 
"which  seem  to  ally  it  to  the  chipmunks  (Tamias).  Through  the  courtesy  of  the 
United  States  National  Museum,  I  have  been  loaned  a  topotype  of  this  squirrel 
which  agrees  well  in  color  with  that  described  by  Milne  Edwards.  In  his  re- 
marks under  the  head  of  "Sciurus  pernyi,"  this  author  (Recherches,  p.  304-305) 
briefly  describes,  "Sciurus  consobrinus"  which  he  contrasts  with  the  first-named 
species,  stating  that  in  cranial  characters  it  is  almost  exactly  the  same  as  S. 
davidanus  and  evidently  of  the  same  "type  sp6cifique."  This  squirrel  came  from 
the  principality  of  Moupin  and  is  said  to  differ  from  S.  davidanus  from  Pekin 
in  the  possession  of  the  reddish  tones  of  the  upper  surfaces.  The  brief  descrip- 
tion given  is  sufficient  to  indicate  the  characteristic  differences  that  separate 
the  uniformly  grizzled  pale  ochraceous  and  black  squirrel  of  Pekin  from  the 
more  western  highland  form  with  the  posterior  part  of  the  back  darker  and  redder, 
in  contrast  to  the  grayer  tint  of  the  shoulders.  These  differences  have  been  well 
described  by  Dr.  J.  A.  Allen  (1909,  p.  428)  who  names  this  darker  form  Sciuro- 
tamias  owstoni,  on  the  basis  of  six  specimens  from  Taipasiang,  Shensi.  Through 
the  kindness  of  Dr.  Allen  I  have  been  enabled  to  compare  this  series  with  our 
material  from  Hupeh,  and  there  seems  no  doubt  that  the  name  consobrinus 
is  applicable  to  the  dark  reddish-backed  form  of  which  S.  owstoni  therefore  be- 
comes a  synonym.  Two  of  our  specimens  from  Mafuling,  Hupeh,  (5,000  feet) 
seem  to  be  nearer  S.  davidanus  than  to  the  race  consobrinus,  and  are  here  referred 
to  that  species.  A  specimen  from  Tanshuiya,  (3,000  feet)  is  also  practically 


ALLEN:  MAMMALIA.  231 

identical.     Thomas  (1911)  mentions  a  specimen  from  40  miles  north  of  Kaichow, 
southern  Kansu. 

SCIUROTAMIAS  DAViDANUS  coNSOBRiNUS  (Milne  Edwards). 

Sciurolamias  owstoni  J.  A.  ALLEN,  Bull.  Araer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1909,  26,  p.  428. 

In  western  Hupeh,  and  doubtless  through  northern  Szechwan  and  into 
Shensi  this  darker,  reddish-backed  race  of  David's  Squirrel  is  found.  Four 
specimens  of  our  series  from  Chiliping,  Fongshan,  Moshuiping,  and  Hsienshan- 
hsien  are  certainly  representative  of  this  subspecies,  and  are  identical  with  S. 
owstoni  from  Shensi.  Thomas  (1911,  p.  169)  has  recently  recorded  other  speci- 
mens from  Omeishan  and  from  23  miles  south  of  Tachienlu.  There  is  much 
variation  in  the  extent  of  the  median  white  area  on  the  throat.  It  is  apparently 
lacking  or  practically  so  in  one  of  the  specimens  from  Hsienshanhsien,  but  in 
the  other  covers  nearly  the  whole  throat.  In  two  others  it  is  more  restricted, 
and  appears  in  one  as  a  narrow  median  streak.  In  the  series  of  six  specimens 
of  "owstoni,"  two  have  this  white  patch  well  marked,  while  in  the  type  and  one 
or  perhaps  two  of  the  others  it  is  represented  by  a  mere  fleck. 

SCIUROTAMIAS  DAVIDANUS  THAYERI,  subsp.  nov. 

Type:— Skin  No.  8008  M.  C.  Z.,  male  adult,  from  Washan,  western 
Szechwan,  China,  at  an  altitude  of  6,000  feet.  May  17,  1908,  Walter  R.  Zappey. 

General  Characters: —  Similar  to  S.  d.  consobrinus,  but  much  richer  and  darker 
colored  throughout,  feet  blackish,  ears  (in  the  type)  nearly  without  white 
postauricular  patches;  pelage  very  long  and  full. 

Color: —  Sides  of  the  throat,  cheeks,  muzzle,  and  upper  surface  of  head  as 
far  as  a  line  joining  the  bases  of  the  ears  a  rich  orange-ochraceous,  nearly  clear 
at  the  sides  of  the  throat  and  nose,  but  elsewhere  mixed  with  a  nearly  equal 
amount  of  black.  An  indistinct  black  stripe  from  below  the  eye  to  below  the 
ear;  a  sharply  defined  buff  eye-ring.  External  surfaces  of  the  ears  seal-brown, 
the  postauricular  white  patches  so  restricted  as  to  be  unnoticeable.  The  upper 
surface  of  the  body  is  a  finely  grizzled  mixture  of  black  and  orange-ochraceous 
in  which  the  black  so  predominates  as  to  produce  a  very  much  darker  color  than 
in  the  previous  subspecies,  and  in  the  back  there  is  a  practical  absence  of  the 
reddish  tone,  though  the  shoulders  are  ticked  with  a  slightly  paler  shade  of 
ochraceous  which  tends  to  be  more  conspicuous  in  a  longitudinal  line  from 
behind  each  ear  producing  a  short  and  very  ill-defined  stripe.  The  hands  and 


232  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

feet  are  seal-brown  to  blackish  above,  the  former  with  a  very  slight  admixture 
of  ochraceous  hairs. 

Ventrally  the  colors  are  richer  and  darker  than  in  consobrinus,  the  dark  of 
the  sides  encroaching  nearly  to  the  mid  line  of  the  venter  and  on  the  inside 
of  the  limbs.  Chest  and  mid  ventral  area  washed  conspicuously  with  tawny- 
ochraceous;  the  bases  of  the  hairs  slaty.  Median  area  of  the  throat  pure  white. 

The  basal  fifth  of  the  tail  is  colored  above  like  the  back;  the  rest  is  nearly 
clear  tawny  with  a  black  border  and  an  outer  fringe  of  white.  The  ventral 
surface  is  similar  but  the  tawny  median  area  is  partly  obscured  by  long  black 
hairs  tipped  with  white. 

Measurements: —  The  type  was  measured  in  the  flesh  by  the  collector  as 
follows: —  total  length,  363  mm.;  tail,  148;  hind  foot,  54. 

Remarks: —  This  very  well-marked  race  will  probably  prove  to  be  confined 
to  the  Washan  Mountains,  whose  peculiar  conditions  and  isolation  seem  to  have 
induced  the  differentiation  of  a  number  of  local  races  or  species.  Unfortunately 
the  skull  of  the  type  was  lost,  and  no  other  specimens  were  obtained.  It  appears, 
however,  to  be  sufficiently  well  characterized  for  recognition,  and  I  have  named 
it  in  honor  of  Col.  John  E.  Thayer  through  whose  generosity  the  collection  was 
made  possible. 

TAMIOPS  MACCLELLANDI  swiNHOEi  (Milne  Edwards). 

A  single  specimen  of  this  prettily  striped  species  was  collected  at  Tachiao, 
western  Szechwan,  September  20,  1908,  at  an  altitude  of  12,000  feet. 

Milne  Edwards  based  his  description  on  specimens  from  the  "  principaute1 
de  Moupin."  Our  specimen  is  thus  practically  from  the  same  locality,  and  since 
I  have  found  no  good  description  of  the  species  I  append  the  following  particulars. 

Forehead  and  crown  a  grizzled  gallstone-yellow  and  black;  nape,  shoulders, 
flanks,  and  upper  side  of  limbs  olive  becoming  lighter  on  the  sides  and  passing 
into  raw  umber  on  the  rump.  Five  black  stripes  on  the  back,  the  median  dorsal 
beginning  on  the  nape,  becoming  broadest  in  the  middle  region  of  the  back,  then 
narrowing  to  the  base  of  the  tail.  A  shorter  but  equally  broad  black  stripe 
on  each  side  from  shoulders  to  rump,  the  intermediate  space  clay  color.  A  broad 
clear  stripe  of  pale  ochraceous  succeeds  this  black  stripe  laterally,  on  either  side 
and  is  bordered  by  a  short  and  ill-defined  blackish  line;  inner  surface  of  the 
ears  pale  ochraceous,  outer  surface  bordered  by  black  and  provided  with  an 
erect  fringe  of  long  white  hairs.  A  buff  line  runs  from  the  muzzle,  below  the 
eye  to  the  posterior  base  of  the  ear,  and  there  is  a  narrow  eye-ring  of  the  same 


ALLEN:  MAMMALIA.  233 

color.  Below,  the  color  is  grayish  washed  with  buff,  particularly  on  the  throat 
and  mid-ventral  line.  The  tail  is  colored  a  mixture  of  black  and  raw  umber 
with  a  narrow  buff  border  and  a  black  tip. 

Collector's  measurements: — total  length,  248;  tail,  107;  hind  foot,  33. 
The  skull  measures: — greatest  length,  38.5;  basal  length,  30;  palatal  length, 
17;  zygomatic  breadth,  21;  interorbital  constriction,  12.5;  mastoid  breadth, 
16.6;  mandible  from  condyle  to  tip  of  incisor,  25;  upper  molar  row  (excluding 
p3),  6.9;  lower  molar  row,  7. 

Bonhote  (1900,  p.  52)  in  his  synopsis  of  the  squirrels  of  the  macclellandi 
group  considers  this  a  subspecies,  though  Trouessart  in  his  "Catalogus"  retains 
it  as  a  species. 

SCIURUS  CASTANEOVENTRIS  BONHOTEi  Robinson  &  Wroughton. 

A  series  of  eight  specimens  collected  at  the  extreme  western  border  of 
Szechwan,  at  altitudes  of  from  10,000  to  13,000  feet,  in  Nachuka  and  Ramala 
Pass,  probably  represents  this  newly  described  race.  It  seems  closely  related  to 
Sciurus  castaneoventris  of  the  southeast  coast  of  China  in  the  province  of  Fukien. 
In  his  original  description  of  that  species  Gray  states  that  "the  ears  are  gray." 
The  strikingly  orange-rufous  ears  of  our  series  together  with  the  pale  dorsal 
coloration  seem  to  characterize  it  distinctly,  although  in  their  brief  diagnosis, 
Robinson  and  Wroughton  make  no  comparison  with  other  races. 

Matschie  (1908,  p.  210)  has  shown  that  the  squirrel  described  by  Hilzheimer 
(1905)  as  Sciurus  tsingtauensis  is  really  the  same  as  S.  c.  ningpoensis  for  it  since 
appears  that  the  skin  on  which  it  was  based  came  from  the  hills  near  Ningpo, 
instead  of  from  Tsingtau,  to  the  north,  as  supposed. 

Six  adults  were  measured  in  the  flesh  by  the  collector  as  follows: — 


Total. 

No. 

Locality. 

Length. 

Tail. 

Hind  Foot. 

7826 

Ramala  Pass 

405 

200 

55 

7828  Type 

Nachuka 

405 

185 

53 

7829 

Nachuka 

407 

195 

53 

7830 

Nachuka 

417 

185 

53 

78.32 

Ramala  Pass 

390 

184 

53 

7833 

Nachuka 

390 

170 

54 

Average  402  186  53 

The  skull  of  the  type  measures: —  greatest  length,  51.8  mm.;  basal  length, 
43.8;  palatal  length,  24.5;  zygomatic  breadth,  30.5;  interorbital  constriction, 
17.6;  mastoid  breadth,  22.9;  upper  diastema,  11.5;  mandible  from  condyle 
to  tip  of  incisor,  35.5;  upper  molar  row,  10.2;  lower  molar  row,  10. 


234  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

PTEROMYS  ALBO-RUFUS  Milne  Edwards. 

A  trade  skin  of  this  beautiful  flying  squirrel  was  obtained  by  Mr.  Zappey 
in  the  Province  of  Hupeh  in  1907.  It  is  identical  in  color  with  Milne  Edwards's 
fine  plate  45  (Recherches  hist.  nat.  mammiferes) . 

FELIDAE. 

FELIS  INGRAMI  Bonhote. 

I  have  identified  with  this  species  a  skin  without  skull  obtained  by  Mr. 
Zappey  at  Changyanghsien,  Hupeh,  in  January,  1909.  In  color  it  is  similar  to 
the  specimen  described  by  Bonhote  (1903,  p.  374)  from  the  Wanchinshan  Moun- 
tains in  the  neighboring  province  of  Kweichow  with  which  it  further  agrees  in 
the  shortness  of  the  tail  compared  with  the  length  of  head  and  body.  Bonhote 
gives  for  dimensions: —  head  and  body,  480;  tail,  200;  hind  foot,  75.  Our  skin 
measures  (dried)  much  the  same,  except  that  the  hind  foot  seems  longer,  but 
exact  measurements  are  now  impossible  to  obtain. 

FELIS  SCRIPTA  Milne  Edwards. 

A  skin  of  a  fine  male  from  Suifu,  western  Szechwan,  agrees  well  with  Milne 
Edwards's  figures  and  description  of  the  type  from  the  same  province,  in  the 
principality  of  Moupin. 

FELIS  PARDUS  FONTANIERI  (Milne  Edwards). 

Two  partially  dressed  leopard  skins  were  obtained  by  Mr.  Zappey  from  the 
King  of  Tachienlu,  western  Szechwan.  These  seem  undoubtedly  to  represent 
Fontanier's  Leopard,  described  by  Milne  Edwards  from  the  neighborhood  of 
Pekin.  The  fur  is  thick  and  woolly,  and  the  general  color  above  is  very  pale, 
nearly  buff-yellow  of  Ridgway,  agreeing  well  with  the  plates  in  Milne  Edward's 
"Recherches."  One  of  these  skins  measures  approximately  1800  mm.  from 
muzzle  to  tip  of  tail,  and  the  tail  alone  measures  about  760  mm. ;  in  the  second 
and  larger  skin  these  measurements  are  approximately  1950  mm.  and  640  mm. 
Milne  Edwards  gives  1920  and  750  for  these  two  measurements  respectively. 

The  black  spots  in  our  skins  are  apt  to  be  somewhat  brownish  due  to  the 
length  of  the  chocolate-colored  bases  of  the  hairs.  In  the  larger  specimen, 
the  black  areas  on  the  back  are  somewhat  confluent  producing  a  very  confused 
and  mottled  pattern. 


ALLEN:  MAMMALIA.  235 

The  thick  woolly  fur  of  this  leopard  is  indicative  of  its  high  mountain  habitat 
in  Szechwan. 

Cabrera  (1910,  p.  426)  attempts  to  show  that  Gray's  name  japonensis 
should  replace  fontanieri  on  the  ground  that  Gray's  specimen  came  probably 
from  North  China  instead  of  Japan,  a  conclusion  that  may  prove  well  founded ; 
but  the  name  is  inapplicable  since  it  was  previously  employed  by  Boddaert  for 
a  variety  of  the  house  cat. 

FELIS  PARDUS  VARIEGATA  (Wagner). 

In  the  Yangtze  valley,  at  Changyanghsien,  Hupeh,  Mr.  Zappey  shot  a  fine 
adult  male  leopard,  which  is  clearly  a  very  different  animal  from  fontanieri  of 
the  Szechwan  highlands.  Compared  with  our  skins  of  the  latter  from  Tachienlu 
it  is  larger  and  much  richer  in  color,  with  more  deeply  black  spots.  The  dorsal 
tawny  areas  are  between  ochraceous  and  orange-ochraceous  paling  to  buff  on 
the  flanks.  The  spots  are  more  sharply  defined  and  of  a  deeper  shining  black. 
The  hair,  too,  notwithstanding  that  this  is  a  winter  specimen  killed  February  2, 
1909,  is  comparatively  much  shorter  (26  mm.  in  length  mid-dorsally  between 
the  shoulders  as  against  about  40  in  fontanieri)  and  without  the  woolly  underfur 
of  the  latter.  The  black  hairs  are  only  very  inconspicuously  chocolate-colored 
at  their  extreme  bases.  The  collector's  measurements  of  this  specimen  in  the 
flesh  are:—  total  length,  2080;  tail,  850;  hind  foot,  260;  height  at  the  shoulder, 
610.  The  skull  is  large  and  heavily  built  and  does  not  appear  to  differ  remarkably 
in  general  proportions  from  that  of  fontanieri.  It  measures: — greatest  length 
from  occiput  to  front  of  incisors,  228;  condylobasal  length,  201;  zygomatic 
breadth,  152;  greatest  breadth  across  supraorbital  processes,  73;  greatest  length 
of  mandible,  151 ;  length  from  back  of  upper  molar  to  front  of  canine,  71 ;  length 
from  back  of  lower  molar  to  front  of  canine,  80. 

This  leopard  probably  represents  the  race  inhabiting  the  lowland  portion 
of  southeastern  China  and  I  have  provisionally  referred  it  to  F.  p.  variegata, 
whose  range  is  supposed  to  be  "Indo-China,  Java,  Sumatra"  (Trouessart). 
That  the  leopard  of  the  coastal  region  of  southeastern  China  is  different  from 
those  of  India  and  North  China  was  long  ago  pointed  out  by  Swinhoe(1870, 
p.  628),  who  says,  "judging  from  skins  procured  at  Canton,  the  Chinese  race  is 
of  a  much  richer  yellow  colour,  and  has  the  spots  larger  and  blacker  than  is 
usually  seen  in  skins  from  India." 


236  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

VIVERRIDAE. 

• 

VIVERRICULA  PALLIDA  (Gray). 

A  female  from  Ichang,  Hupeh,  agrees  well  with  Bonhote's  (1898,  p  119) 
description.  The  black  collar  is  lacking  on  the  under  side  of  the  throat,  which  is 

• 

uniformly  colored  like  the  belly.  Above  is  a  narrow  black  stripe  on  each  side 
of  the  neck,  and  an  indistinct  median  one.  The  shoulders  are  without  stripes 
or  spots,  but  the  lower  back  and  rump  have  five  or  six  well-marked  narrow,  black 
stripes.  Matschie  (1908,  p.  198)  has  described  as  a  new  species  Viverricula 
hanensis  on  the  basis  of  a  skin  from  Hankow.  It  is  said  to  differ  from  V.  pallida 
through  the  absence  of  a  cross  stripe  on  the  shoulder  and  the  possession  of  six 
well-marked  longitudinal  stripes  on  the  back  and  eight  instead  of  six  dark  rings 
on  the  tail.  Our  specimen  has  six  rings  with  an  indication  of  a  seventh,  but 
otherwise  does  not  materially  differ  from  this  description,  though  the  longitudinal 
stripes  on  the  back  might  be  considered  as  five,  six,  or  seven  owing  to  the  indis- 
tinctness of  the  outer  ones.  In  view  of  the  great  variation  in  color  of  these 
animals,  as  pointed  out  by  Bonhote,  and  the  fact  that  no  cranial  characters  are 
mentioned  by  Matschie,  it  seems  best  for  the  present  to  consider  the  Ichang 
specimen  as  V.  pallida.  Its  mesurements,  taken  by  the  collector,  are: — total 
length,  830;  tail,  290;  hind  foot,  91. 

The  skull  measures: — greatest  length,  95;  basal  length,  88;  zygomatic 
breadth,  42;  mastoid  breadth,  30;  length  of  bulla,  20;  mandible  from  condyle 
to  tip  of  incisor,  65 ;  upper  tooth  row  (exclusive  of  incisors) ,  37 ;  lower  tooth 
row  (exclusive  of  incisors),  41. 

CANIDAE. 

VULPES  VULPES  WADDELLI   Bonhote. 

A  trade  skin  from  Lhassa,  Tibet,  seems  to  be  of  this  race,  which  according 
to  Bonhote,  differs  from  V.  v.  flavescens  of  northwest  India  in  having  the  mid- 
dorsal  area  a  bright  red  in  contrast  to  the  rest  of  the  upper  surface.  In  flaves- 
cens this  portion  is  more  uniform  and  of  a  more  brownish  yellow. 

NYCTEREUTES  STEGMANNI  Matschie. 

Professor  Matschie  has  briefly  characterized  several  geographical  races 
of  the  Raccoon  dog  from  eastern  Asia  in  his  report  on  the  mammals  of  the 


ALLEN:  MAMMALIA.  237 

Filchner  expedition.  In  addition  to  N.  viverrinus  and  N.  albus  from  the  Japan- 
ese islands,  he  recognizes  N.  procyonides  of  Gray  from  east  central  China  (of  which 
he  makes  N.  sinensis  Brass,  1904,  "Nutzbare  Tiere  Ostasiens,"  a  synonym)  and 
describes  as  new  N.  ussuriensis  and  N.  amurensis  from  Siberia,  and  N.  stegmanni 
from  the  Yangtze  basin.  The  last  is  said  to  differ  from  N.  viverrinus  in  having 
the  bases  of  the  woolly  hairs  on  the  back  blackish  gray  instead  of  reddish  gray, 
the  shoulders  ticked  with  whitish  gray  on  a  dark  ground  instead  of  being  blackish 
brown,  while  the  sides  of  the  body  are  not  much  darker  than  the  clear  band  back 
of  the  shoulder.  In  size,  the  Yangtze  animal  is  superior,  being  82  cm.  instead 
of  70  cm.  in  total  length. 

The  skin  of  a  single  female,  without  skull,  obtained  by  Mr.  Zappey  in 
December,  1908,  at  Suifu,  western  Szcchwan,  agrees  well  enough  with  Matschie's 
description  of  N.  stegmanni.  The  dried  skin  measures  about  82  cm.  in  total 
length.  The  general  color  is  pale  buff,  clear  on  the  sides  of  the  neck,  behind 
the  shoulders,  and  on  the  lower  surfaces  of  the  body  and  tail,  but  elsewhere  is 
mixed  with  black  particularly  on  the  mid-dorsal  area  and  on  the  terminal  half 
of  the  tail  above.  The  lower  limbs  and  patch  below  the  eye  are  dark  chocolate 
and  the  chin  and  throat  are  tinged  with  the  same.  No  doubt  further  material 
will  show  intergradation  between  these  described  species. 


MUSTELIDAE. 
LUTREOLA  MOUPINEKSIS  Milne  Edwards. 

A  male  and  a  female  from  Tachiao  (12,000  feet)  and  a  second  female  from 
Washan  (9,000  feet),  western  Szechwan,  are  in  the  collection,  the  two  former 
in  summer  pelage,  the  latter  in  winter.  The  two  summer  skins  were  taken  on 
the  17th  and  20th  of  September  respectively  and  are  essentially  similar  in  colora- 
tion, a  nearly  uniform  Vandyke-brown  above,  darkest  on  the  forehead  and  muzzle 
shading  into  pale  cinnamon  on  the  ventral  surfaces.  The  extreme  tip  of  the 
tail  is  a  seal-brown  or  blackish  with  one  or  two  white  hairs.  The  female  in 
freshly  assumed  winter  pelage,  October  28,  1908,  is  cinnamon  above,  slightly 
darker  along  the  median  line,  shading  into  a  clear  buff  below.  These  specimens 
measured  by  the  collector  are  as  follows:— 


No. 
7834 

Locality. 
Tachiao 

Sex. 
d1 

Length. 
543 

Tail. 
198 

Hind  Foot. 
59 

7835 

Tachiao 

9 

428 

156 

37 

7836 

Washan 

9 

432 

167 

49 

238  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

The  dimensions  of  the  skulls  of  Nos.  7834  and  7835  are  respectively: —  great- 
est length,  62.8,  49.8;  basal  length,  57.5,  46;  palatal  length,  28,  22.6;  interorbital 
constriction,  14.5,  11.8;  zygomatic  breadth,  33.5,  25.5;  mastoid  breadth,  30.8, 
22.3;  length  of  mandible  from  condyle  to  tip  of  incisor,  36.5,  28;  upper  tooth 
row  from  back  of  molar  to  front  of  canine,  19,  15.4;  lower  tooth  row  from  back 
of  molar  to  front  of  canine,  22.6,  18. 

LUTREOLA   SIBIRICA    (Pallas). 

Three  males  and  a  female  of  this  mink  were  taken  at  Ichang,  Hupeh.  They 
appear  to  agree  in  size  with  measurements  given  for  more  northern  examples 
and  the  adult  male  skull  seems  identical  with  that  from  Chefoo,  figured  of  natural 
size  by  Milne  Edwards  in  his  "  Recherches,"  except  that  the  pterygoids  may 
be  longer  than  there  shown.  The  dimensions  of  these  specimens,  as  noted  by 
the  collector  are:— 


No. 

Sex. 

Length. 

Tail. 

Hind  Foot. 

7104 

c? 

565 

200 

70 

7105 

<? 

585 

195 

65 

7107 

cf 

600 

200 

70 

7106 

9 

495 

172 

50 

The  cranial  measurements  of  tf  7105  and  9  7106  are  respectively: —  great- 
est length,  65.5,  55;  basal  length,  60,  51;  palatal  length,  29,  23.2;  length  of 
audital  bulla,  19.7,  17.5;  zygomatic  breadth,  34.4,  26.8;  mastoid  breadth,  30.5, 
24;  mandible  from  condyle  to  tip  of  incisor,  39,  30.6;  upper  tooth  row  from 
back  of  molar  to  front  of  canine,  19.5,  16;  lower  tooth  row  from  back  of  molar 
to  front  of  canine,  22.8,  18. 

In  the  female,  No.  7106,  the  lower  first  incisor  on  the  left  side  is  so  reduced 
as  to  be  hardly  more  than  half  the  width  of  its  fellow  on  the  opposite  side. 

Swinhoe  (1870,  p.  624)  records  this  species  from  Tientsin,  Amoy,  south 
China,  and  Formosa  and  states  that  it  lives  in  the  walls  of  houses,  in  most  of 
the  Chinese  towns,  feeding  on  rats  and  snakes. 

Matschie  {1908,  p.  150)  has  described  Lutreola  stegmanni  from  Kiaochow 
on  the  Shantung  Peninsula  from  four  skins  without  skulls.  Our  specimens  agree 
more  or  less  with  his  description  and  may  be  referable  to  this  form  if  it  prove  to 
be  sufficiently  characterized. 

MARTES  FLAVIGULA  BOREALIS  (Radde). 

A  perfectly  typical  skin  of  this  race  was  obtained  from  the  Chinese  traders, 
probably  from  Hupeh  or  to  the  northwest. 


ALLEN:  MAMMALIA.  239 

ARCTONYX  LEUCOLAIMUS  Milne  Edwards. 
A  trade  skin,  probably  from  Hupeh,  is  in  the  collection. 

URSIDAE. 

AlLURUS   FULGENS   STYANI   Thomas. 

A  fine  male  skin,  unfortunately  without  skull,  from  the  Chinchiang  Valley, 
western  Szechwan,  represents  this  race,  recently  described  from  Yanglinpa 
in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  same  province.  The  collector's  measure  of 
the  foot  is  125  mm.;  Thomas  gives  112  for  the  foot  without  claws. 

URSUS  THIBETANTJS  MACNEiLLi  (Lydekker). 

The  black  bear  of  eastern  Tibet  has  recently  been  described  by  Lydekker 
(1909)  as  a  distinct  race  with  a  longer  pelage  and  different  skull  as  compared 
with  its  nearest  geographic  representatives  of  the  Indian  Himalayas.  The 
skull  is  actually  and  proportionally  broader,  the  palate  is  narrower  and  dis- 
tinctly vaulted,  instead  of  plane,  and  the  third  lower  molar  is  narrower.  The 
type  is  a  skin  and  skull  from  Tachien,  eastern  Tibet,  and  the  describer  mentions 
also  a  female  skull  from  Szechwan,  in  the  collection  of  the  British  Museum.  Mr. 
Zappey  secured  an  adult  skull  somewhere  near  the  eastern  border  of  Szechwan 
which  bears  out  the  characters  claimed  for  this  subspecies.  The  palate  is  narrow 
and  slightly  vaulted  and  corresponds  closely  in  measurements  with  those  given 
for  the  type.  The  dimensions  follow,  together  with  those  published  for  the 
type  specimen  in  parentheses  (here  reduced  to  millimeters) : —  basal  length, 
264  (251.5);  zygomatic  breadth,  197  (170.2);  length  of  three  last  upper  cheek 
teeth,  64  (54.1);  last  upper  molar,  length,  29.2  (24.9);  width,  15.5  (15.2);  length 
of  three  last  lower  cheek  teeth,  59.2  (55.4);  last  lower  molar,  length,  17  (15.5); 
width,  12.4  (10.7);  length  of  penultimate  lower  molar,  21.6  (20.3).  Our  speci- 
men is  probably  a  male. 

TALPIDAE. 

UROPSILUS  SORICIPES  Milne  Edwards. 

This  species  was  described  from  specimens  collected  by  Pere  David  in  the 
principality  of  Moupin,  and  has  been  recorded  by  Pousargues  (1896,  p.  1)  from 
the  northern  part  of  Yunnan.  Mr.  Zappey  obtained  a  series  of  nine  specimens. 


240  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

from  Washan,  Lianghokow,  and  Tachiao,  all  in  western  Szechwan,  at  altitudes 
of  from  3,000  to  12,000  feet.  The  skins  are  very  uniform  in  color  and  agree 
closely  with  the  excellent  figures  by  Milne  Edwards.  The  collector's  measure- 
ments of  the  fresh  specimens  show  the  following  extremes:  —  total  length,  127-, 
155  mm.;  tail,  59-72;  hind  foot,  14-17.5;  average  of  nine  specimens,  137,  65 
and  16  mm.,  respectively  for  these  three  dimensions. 

The  tooth  formula  of  this  species  was  supposed  by  Milne  Edwards  to  be 
IiCiPjMi.  Thomas  (1912),  however,  in  a  series  of  specimens  from  Omisan 
found  that  the  formula  included  four  upper  premolars  and  two  lower  incisors; 
and  although  in  other  respects  the  specimens  showed  no  differences,  he  founded 
for  them  the  genus  and  species  Rhynchonax  andersoni.  Curiously  enough,  our 
series  shows  still  a  different  formula.  All  the  specimens  have  a  large  and  a 
second  minute  lower  incisor,  as  in ,  "Rhynchonax" ;  but  four  have  three,  and 
three  others  have  a  fourth  upper  premolar.  It  would  seem  that  the  variation  is 
individual  rather  than  generic,  since  the  two  variations  occur  in  specimens  from 
the  same  locality  that  are  otherwise  identical.  I  prefer  to  regard  these  as 
variants  of  a  single  species,  which  is  in  process  of  losing  the  minute  upper 
third  premolar  and  the  small  lower  incisor,  and  which  in  the  individual 
presence  or  absence  of  these  teeth  shows  parallelism  with  numerous  similar 
cases  among  the  Chiroptera. 

SORICIDAE. 

ANUROSOREX  SQUAMIPES  Milne  Edwards. 

A  fine  series  of  this  almost  tailless  shrew  was  secured  from  Washan,  in 
western  Szechwan,  and  a  few  additional  specimens  are  from  Hupeh,  at  Hsien- 
shanhsien,  4,500  feet,  and  Changyanghsien,  5,500  feet.  These  all  show  a  close 
agreement  among  themselves,  and  average  smaller  than  the  measurements 
given  by  Milne  Edwards  for  the  type,  as  will  appear  from  the  following  table 
which  includes,  first  the  dimensions  of  the  type,  then  those  of  three  specimens 
from  Hupeh :  - 

Hupeh  Hupeh  Hupeh 

Type  7227  <?  72289  72269 

Total  length                                      110  100                98                98 

Tail                                                        9  10                10                11 

Hind  foot                                            16  15                15                15 

Length  of  skull                                  27  24                25.5 
Greatest  breadth  of  skull                  15                                     13.2 

Upper  tooth  row                                13  11.2            12                11.7 

Lower  tooth  row                              12  10               11               10.7 


ALLEN:  MAMMALIA.  241 

The  average  of  twenty-five  specimens  from  Washan  measured  by  the  collector 
is:  —  total  length,  102  mm.;  tail,  12;  hind  foot,  15,  with  extremes,  total  length: 
86-104;  tail,  9-15;  hind  foot,  14-16. 

Milne  Edwards's  specimens  came  from  the  mountains  and  plains  of  Szechwan 
and  Tibet.  He  describes  the  pelage  as  "d'un  gris  uniforme  tirant  un  peu  sur  le 
brun  verdatre"  and  his  excellent  figure  is  colored  in  this  way.  Our  specimens 
show  an  additional  color  character  of  which  he  makes  no  mention.  In  thirteen 
skins  taken  in  late  October  and  early  November,  there  is  present  on  either  side 
of  the  head,  at  the  auricular  region,  a  small  ochraceous  patch  in  marked  contrast 
to  the  otherwise  dark  gray  coat.  If  our  specimens  are  all  correctly  sexed  (some- 
times not  an  easy  matter  in  this  group)  this  coloring  is  more  frequent  in  the  males, 
since  nine  of  the  thirteen  thus  marked  are  of  this  sex,  while  of  fifteen  females, 
but  five  show  the  patch  on  both  sides,  five  others  have  it  more  or  less  distinct 
on  one  side  only,  and  the  other  five  females  as  well  as  three  males  do  not  show  it. 

Four  specimens  taken  between  the  18th  and  29th  of  May  seem  to  be  ac- 
quiring the  summer  pelage  which  is  shorter  and  more  blackish  without  the 
silvery  sheen  of  "brun  verdatre,"  when  viewed  from  behind.  Two  of  these 
collected  May  28th  and  29th  respectively,  seem  still  to  retain  the  long  rump 
hairs  of  the  winter  coat,  that  project  as  a  conspicuous  tuft  nearly  hiding  the  tail, 
while  the  other  two,  taken  May  18th  and  28th  respectively,  show  no  such  con- 
trast, but  appear  to  have  quite  shed  the  winter  coat. 

CROCIDURA  ATTENUATA  Milne  Edwards. 

A  single  specimen  of  this  shrew  was  taken  at  Ichang,  Hupeh,  and  agrees 
well  with  Milne  Edwards's  diagnosis.  The  color  above  is  gray  washed  with  a 
light  tint  of  Prout's  brown;  below,  uniform  silver-gray,  the  tail  bicolor  like  the 
body.  The  ears  are  prominent,  their  surfaces  minutely  haired;  the  longer 
hairs  of  the  tail  are  relatively  few  and  confined  to  the  proximal  three  fourths. 
As  shown  in  Milne  Edwards's  figure,  the  second  upper  unicuspidate  tooth  is 
smallest,  the  third  slightly  larger  and  the  first  largest.  The  dimensions  of  our 
specimen  follow,  as  well  as  those  of  the  type  from  Moupin  in  parentheses :- 
total  length,  115  mm.  (122);  tail,  50  (48);  hind  foot,  13  (14).  Skull:  total 
length,  20  (21);  mastoid  width,  9;  width  outside  second  upper  molar,  6.6; 
mandible  from  condyle  to  tip  of  incisor,  12.8;  upper  tooth  row,  9;  lower  tooth 
row,  8.4. 

Thomas  (1911,  p.  168)  has  recently  recorded  it  from  Kansu. 


242  SOME  CHINESE  VERTEBRATES. 

CROCIDURA  COREAE  Thomas. 

A  single  specimen  of  a  small  Crocidura  was  taken  by  Mr.  Zappey  at  Ichang, 
Hupeh,  which,  if  not  identical  with  C.  coreae  is  at  least  very  closely  related  to 
it.  Thomas  (1907,  p.  860)  described  the  species  from  material  collected  at 
Min-gyong,  110  miles  southeast  of  Seoul,  Korea.  Later  he  (1908a,  p.  639) 
reported  specimens  from  the  Imperial  Tombs,  65  miles  east  of  Pekin,  China. 
Our  specimen  appears  to  extend  its  known  range  south  into  the  Yangtze  valley. 
It  was  taken  January  24,  1908,  is  broccoli-brown  above,  slightly  mixed  with 
grayish,  below  pale  ecru-drab,  tail  colored  like  the  body.  As  stated  by  Thomas 
the  longer  bristly  hairs  of  the  tail  are  numerous  and  extend  nearly  to  the  tip. 
The  ears  are  prominent  and  minutely  haired.  Its  measurements  are  as  follows, 
with  those  of  the  type  corresponding  in  parentheses:  —  total  length,  98  mm.  (95) ; 
tail,  40  (37);  hind  foot,  13  (11.5).  Skull,  greatest  length,  17.5  (17.5);  basal 
length,  15.5  (15.1) ;  mastoid  width,  7.7  (8.2) ;  width  outside  second  upper  molars, 
5.3;  mandible  from  condyle  to  tip  of  incisor,  10.8;  upper  tooth  row,  7.9  (7.8); 
lower  tooth  row,  7.0. 

ERINACEIDAE. 

ERINACEUS  ?  HANENSIS  Matschie. 

I  have  provisionally  referred  to  this  newly  named  species  a  skin  with  skull 
from  Ichang,  Hupeh.  The  single  specimen  on  which  Professor  Matschie  bases 
the  species  came  from  Hankow,  about  175  miles  farther  east  in  the  same  province. 
The  original  description  contains  little  that  is  particularly  diagnostic,  and  the 
distinction  is  based  wholly  on  color.  The  spines  are  said  to  be  of  two  sorts, 
whitish  and  light  brown,  the  latter  with  long,  dark  horn-colored  tips.  These 
spines  are  about  25  mm.  long.  The  color  of  the  ventral  side,  of  the  head  and 
of  the  limbs  is  a  deep  hair-brown,  sprinkled  with  gray  hairs  on  the  sides  of  the 
.body,  on  the  limbs,  breast,  flanks,  cheeks,  chin,  and  nose.  The  claws  are  dark 
horn-color.  The  ears  are  dark  and  very  small. 

Our  specimen  is  apparently  immature  though  probably  nearly  full  grown. 
The  wholly  white  spines  are  more  numerous  near  the  periphery  of  the  spiny  area, 
but  occur  also  in  the  mid-dorsal  region,  where  there  are  a  few  wholly  dark  spines 
of  nearly  a  broccoli-brown.  Most  of  the  spines  are  of  a  similar  color  at  the  base 
with  a  sub  terminal  white  band  and  a  brown  tip.  The  hair  of  the  lower  surfaces, 
head,  and  limbs  is  stiff  and  rather  sparse  but  instead  of  being  hair-brown  is  very 
pale  vinaceous  buff,  darker  on  the  forehead  and  the  upper  surfaces  of  the  feet. 


ALLEN:  MAMMALIA.  243 

About  the  eye  is  a  narrow  ring  of  hair-brown,  and  a  few  dark  brown  hairs  are 
scattered  along  the  sides  of  the  body.  Without  additional  specimens  it  is  im- 
possible to  decide  how  great  may  be  the  individual  or  age  variation  in  color  so 
for  the  present  it  seems  best  to  consider  this  Ichang  specimen  as  representing 
E.  hanensis.  The  collector's  measurements  are:  —  total  length,  225  mm.; 
tail,  19  mm.;  hind  foot,  43  mm. 

The  skull  seems  to  be  that  of  a  nearly  adult  animal,  and  is  but  a  trifle  smaller 
than  that  of  E.  dealbatus  from  Pekin.  Its  dimensions  are: — greatest  length, 
49.5;  basal  length,  46;  palatal  length,  29;  zygomatic  breadth,  30;  mastoid 
breadth,  24;  width  outside  first  upper  molar,  20;  mandible  from  condyle  to  tip 
of  incisor,  39;  upper  tooth  row,  27;  lower  tooth  row,  25.5.  The  anterior  pro- 
longations of  the  frontals  do  not  reach  the  intermaxillaries  so  that  there  is  a 
maxillonasal  suture  of  some  3.5  mm.  in  length. 

VESPERTILIONIDAE. 

PIPISTRELLUS  ABRAMUS  (Temminck). 

Between  July  24  and  August  5,  1907,  a  series  of  twenty-five  specimens  was 
collected  at  Ichang.  A  number  of  these  are  immature  with  the  metacarpal 
epiphyses  still  distinct.  The  species  was  also  obtained  at  Kiating,  Hochinghsien 
and  Kweifu,  in  Szechwan.  The  adult  males  are  nearly  hair-brown  above  and 
females  are  of  a  redder  tinge,  nearly  'Prout's  brown.'  In  both  sexes  the  bases 
of  the  hairs  are  darker,  near  seal-brown.  This  sexual  dichromatism  was  noticed 
by  Swinhoe  (1870,  p.  618)  who  says  that  "the  female  is  a  rich  brown,  with  lighter 
and  dusky  underparts;  the  male  is  black."  The  skulls  of  our  series  show  some 
variation  in  size,  though  this  is  often  more  apparent  to  the  eye  than  the  measure  - 
ments  would  indicate.  Thus  the  smallest  skull  is  13  mm.  long  but  is  in  every  way 
lighter  and  more  delicate  than  the  largest  which  measures  14  mm.  In  some  the 
upper  canine  and  pm3  actually  touch,  while  in  others  there  is  a  considerable 
space  between  the  two  teeth.  Usually,  however,  this  space  is  slight. 

VESPERTILIO  MURINUS  SUPERANS  (Thomas). 

One  male  was  taken  at  Ichang,  Hupeh,  April  22,  1907,  and  a  pair  on  March 
28,  1908,  at  Kweifu,  in  eastern  Szechwan. 

NYCTALTJS  NOCTULA  LABIATA  (Hodgson). 

An  immature  skin  and  skull  from  Ichang,  July  21,  1907,  and  an  adult  skin 
from  Kweifu,  eastern  Szechwan,  March  28,  1908,  represent  a  very  dark  colored 


244  SOME  CHINEE  VERTEBRATES. 

race  of  the  noctule  bat,  to  which  I  have  provisionally  applied  Hodgson's  name. 
"Vespertilio  labiata"  was  very  briefly  described  by  Hodgson  in  the  Journal  of 
the  Asiatic  society  of  Bengal,  1835,  4,  p.  700,  from  the  "central  region  of  Nipal," 
as  "saturate  brown  throughout;  skin  wherever  denuded  purpurescent."  "Teeth 
262  J'J-  g'gj  snout  to  rump  three  inches;  tail  two."  It  is  said  to  be  "closely 
affined  to  M.  Geoffrey's  noctula,"  with  which  Dobson,  in  1878,  considered  it 
synonymous.  Jerdon,  four  years  previously  had  done  the  same,  and  in  his 
"Mammals  of  India"  gave  its  measurements  as: — length  4?  to  5  inches;  tail, 
nearly  2;  forearm,  li§  =  about  46  mm.  Barret-Hamilton  has  recently  de- 
scribed under  the  name  of  P.  montanus  a  noctule  bat  from  Mussoree,  north- 
western Himalayas,  to  which  Hodgson's  name  may  be  applicable  although  its 
measurements  seem  a  trifle  less  (forearm  42.5  mm.).  Our  two  specimens  from 
Hupeh  and  Szechwan  are  very  similar  to  P.  noctula,  but  darker  throughout, 
nearly  Prout's  brown  above  and  slightly  paler  below,  the  hairs  practically  uni- 
color  to  their  bases.  The  immature  specimen  from  Ichang  is  slightly  the  darker 
with  a  faint  gloss  to  the  upper  surface.  It  is  also  albinistic  in  that  the  tips  of 
both  ears  are  white.  The"  adult  from  Kweifu  measures: — forearm,  49  mm,; 
thumb,  8;  second  metacarpal,  52.5;  third  metacarpal,  52.5;  fourth  metacarpal, 
50.5;  fifth  metacarpal,  42.  The  forearm  of  the  immature  specimen  measures 
46  mm.;  its  skull  is  similar  to  that  of  P.  noctula  with  the  first  upper  premolar 
very  small  (not  fairly  prominent  as  in  P.  leisleri)  and  hidden  in  the  angle  between 
the  canine  and  the  upper  second  premolar. 

RHINOLOPHIDAE. 
RHINOLOPHUS  MINOR  Horsfield. 

Four  specimens  from  Kiating,  Szechwan,  taken  November  29,  1908,  agree 
closely  with  the  description  and  measurements  given  by  Andersen  in  his  review 
of  the  species  of  this  group  (Proc.  Zool.  soc.  London,  1905,  2,  p.  126-128). 
The  forearm  measurement  is  38  mm.  In  all,  pm3  stands  practically  in  the  tooth 
row. 

RHINOLOPHUS  ROUXI  SINICUS  Andersen. 

This  race  was  described  from  a  single  specimen  taken  at  Chinta,  Anhwei, 
on  the  lower  Yangtze.  Mr.  Zappey  obtained  two  specimens  of  a  Rhinolophus 
belonging  to  the  simplex  group,  at  Ichanghsien,  Hupeh,  that  undoubtedly  repre- 
sent the  same  race  but  are  even  smaller  than  the  type,  with  forearms  43  and  44 


ALLEN:  MAMMALIA.  245 

mm.  respectively,  against  46.  They  represent  a  light  and  a  darker  phase,  the 
former  between  russet  and  wood-brown  above,  the  latter  a  drab.  The  follow- 
ing cranial  measurements  show  that  the  skulls  are  a  trifle  smaller  than  that  of 
the  type:— 

Type.  No.  7228.  No.  7284. 

Total  length  of  skull  to  front  of  canine                    19.8              19  18.5 

Upper  tooth  row          «     «       «     «                           7.7                7.5  7. 

Lower  tooth  row          "     "      "     "                           8.1                8.  7.3 

Mandible                                                                      13.5              12.8  12.5 

In  both  specimens  the  first  upper  premolars  are  in  the  tooth  row  on  each 
side.  In  No.  7224  lower  premolars  2  and  4  are  in  contact,  wiCh  premolar  3  forced 
to  the  outside  in  the  angle  between  them.  In  No.  7223,  however,  lower  premolar 
3  is  only  slightly  external  and  separates  the  twd  others  by  a  slight  space. 

CERCOPITHECIDAE. 

MACACXJS  LASIOTIS  Gray. 

A  young  female  of  this  short-tailed  baboon  was  obtained  in  the  mountains 
of  western  Szechwan,  at  Nachuka,  10,000  feet.  The  fur  is  fine  and  silky,  of  an 
olivaceous  tint  on  the  head,  brightening  to  nearly  clear  pale  orange-ochraceous 
on  the  hips.  The  feet  and  fore  limbs  are  grayish.  The  collector's  measure- 
ments are  : —  total  length,  515  mm.;  tail,  156;  hind  foot,  125. 


REFERENCES. 

ALLEN,  3.  A. 

1909.     Mammals  from   Shen-si   Province,   China.     Bull.    Amer.   mus.   nat.  hist.,  26, 

p.  425-430. 
ANDERSON,  M.  P. 

1909.     Description  of  a  new  Japanese  vole.     Ann.  mag.  nat.  hist.,  ser.  8,  4,  p.  317-318. 
BARRETT-HAMILTON,  G.  E.  H. 

1900.     On  geographical  and  individual  variation  in  Mus  syhaiicus  and  its  allies.     Proc. 
Zool.  soc.  London,  1900,  p.  387-428,  pi.  25. 

BONHOTE,  J.  L. 

1898.     On   the  species  of   the   genus  Viverricula.     Ann.  mag.  nat.  hist.,  ser.  7,  1,  p. 

119-122. 
1900.     On  squirrels  of   the  Sciurus  maccldlandi  group.     Ann.  mag.  nat.  hist.,  ser.  7, 

6,  p.  50-54. 

1903.     On  a  new  species  of  cat  from  China.     Ann.  mag.  nat.  hist.,  ser.  7,  11,  p.  374-376. 
1905.     The  mammalian  fauna  of  China. —  Parti.     Murinae.     Proc.  Zool.  soc.  London, 

1905,  2,  p.  384-397. 


PLATE  1. 


PLATE  1. 

Fig.  1. —  Batrachyplerus  sinensis  (Sauvage).     Page.  126. 

Fig.  2. —  Hyla  monticola,  sp.  nov.     Type,  M.  C.  Z.  No.  2553.     Washan,  western  Szechwan.     Page  127 


MEM  Mus.  COMP.   ZOOL. 


CHINESE  VERTEBRATES  PLATE! 


PLATE  2. 


PLATE  2. 

Fig.  1. —  Amblycephalus  chinensis,  sp.  nov.     Type  M.  C.  Z.  No.  7326.     Luluping,  western  Szeehwan. 

Page  132. 

Fig.  2. —  Agkistrodon  blomhoffii  brevicaudalus  Stejneger.     Page  132. 
Fig.  3.     Agkistrodon  tibelanus,  sp.  nov.     Type  M.  C.  Z.  No.  7327.     Ramala  Pass  beyond  Tachienlu, 

western  Szechwan.     Page  133. 
Fig.  4. —  The  same. 


MEM  Mus   COMP    ZOOL. 


CHINESE  VERTEBRATES  PLATES 


PLATE  3. 


PLATE  3. 

Fig.  1.—  Rallus  aqualicus  korejetei  Saruduy.     M.  C.  Z.  No.  52601.     Ichanghsien,  Hupeh,  March  8,  1908. 

Page  144. 
Fig.  2.—  Niltava  lychnis  Thayer  &  Bangs.     Type,  M.  C.  Z.  No.  50001.     Patung,  Hupeh,  May  19,  1907. 

Page  163. 


MEM.  Mus.  COMP.  ZOOL 


CHINESE  VERTEBRATES  PLATE  3. 


I 


PLATE  4. 


PLATE  4. 

Fig.  1. —  Pnoepyga  mutica,  sp.  nov.     Type  M.  C.  Z.  No.  51974.     Washan  Mountain,  western  Szechwan, 

June  3,  1908.     Page  172. 
Fig.  2. —  SiUhora  aappeyi,  sp.  nov.     Type  M.  C.  Z.  No.  50738.     Washan  Mountain,  western  Szechwan, 

November  3,  1908.     Page  171. 


MEM.  Mus.  COMP.  ZOOL. 


CHINESE  VERTEBRATES  PLATE  4. 


PLATE  6. 


PLATE  5. 

Fig.  1.—  Tesia  grallator,  sp.  nov.     Type  M.  C.  Z.  No.  51975.     Washan  Mountain,  western  Szechwan, 

May  31,  1908.     Page  169. 
Fig.  2.—  Bill  of  Tesia  grallator. 

Fig.  3.—  Bill  of  Tesia  castaneocoronata  (Burton).     Page  170. 
Fig.  4. —  Prinia   inornate    exter,   subsp.   nov.      M.   C.   Z.   No.    52578    Kiating,    western    Szechwan. 

Adult  male  in  winter  plumage.     Page  183. 
Fig.  5. —  Prinia  inornata  exter,  subsp.  nov.     Type  M.  C.  Z.  No.  52580,  Hokow,  western  Szechwan,  May 

4,  1908.     Adult  male  in  spring  (breeding)  plumage.     Page  182. 


MEM.  Mus.  COMP.  ZOOL. 


CHINESE  VERTEBRATES  PLATE  5. 


T 


PLATE  6. 


PLATE  6. 


Boanerges  interniyrans,  sp.  nov.     Type  M.  C.  Z.  No.  52587.     Shuowlow,  western  Szechwan,  August 
23,  1908.     Adult  male.     Page  200. 


MEM.  Mus.  COMP.  Zoou 


CHINESE  VERTEBRATES  PLATE  6. 


TPIla  . 

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